Balloon Powered Car free essay sample

Maria Chriscia Y. Andres 10-SCA Title: The Balloon Powered Car Racer Background of the Study: Sir Isaac Newton created three laws of movement in 1665 when he was just 23 years of age. These laws changed how science clarified development by depicting how the powers following up on an article are liable for the object’s movement. Inflatable controlled vehicle racer is driven via air originating from a collapsing inflatable. As an option of utilizing power, these vehicles utilize the Law of Action and Reaction (Newton’s Third Law of Motion). The vehicle is impelled forward, because of the air originating from a swelled inflatable. The getting away from air is the activity, a power that demonstrations towards the other way. What's more, this is the motivation behind why the inflatable controlled vehicle racer is being pushed forward. The development of the vehicle the other way is the thing that we called the response. Proclamation of the Problem: * The size of the inflatable influences the speed of the vehicle. We will compose a custom paper test on Inflatable Powered Car or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page * The structure of the vehicle influences its speed. * The heaviness of the vehicle influences its speed. Definition of Hypothesis: I theorize that the size of inflatable, structure and weight of the vehicle has an immediate connection with the speed. At the end of the day the development of the vehicle is subject to the size of the inflatable, while the structure and weight of the vehicle is another factor to obtain a quick and angry speed. Essentialness of the Study: these days of steady danger to our condition, there are different methods of decreasing air contamination and vitality utilization is being investigated. Vehicles whose outflows are a piece of the elements that add to air contamination, are being altered to be greater condition inviting. In any case, these vehicles are costly to deliver. Larger part of the populace, particularly here in the Philippines, can't manage the cost of a profoundly vitality proficient and condition inviting vehicle. Likewise, issues like the removal of huge amounts of electric vehicle batteries will emerge. This examination intends to address this issue by researching the boundaries that influence the proficiency of inflatable controlled vehicle racers. Definition’s term: * Efficient gainful of wanted effects;â especiallyâ :â productive without squander * Emissions placing into course. * Deflating to discharge air or gas from. to decrease in size, significance, or viability. * Inflated stretched with air or gas. extended to an anomalous or unmerited volume or level. being empty and extended or stretched. * Propelled to drive forward or ahead by or as though by methods for a power that grants movement. * Parameters any of a lot of physical properties whose qualities decide the attributes or conduct of something. a self-assertive ste ady whose worth portrays an individual from a framework (as a group of curves);â alsoâ :â a amount (as a mean or fluctuation) that depicts a measurable populace. * Revolutionized to change on a very basic level or totally.

Ten Facts About Port au Prince, Haiti

Ten Facts About Port au Prince, Haiti Port au Prince (map) is the capital and biggest city dependent on populace in Haiti, a generally little nation that imparts the island of Hispaniola to the Dominican Republic. It is situated on the Gulf of Gonã ¢ve on the Caribbean Sea and spreads a region of about 15 square miles (38 sq km). The metro district of Port au Prince is thick with a populace of more than 2,000,000 yet like the remainder of Haiti, most of the populace in Port au Prince is very poor despite the fact that there are some wealthier zones inside the city. Coming up next is a rundown of the ten most significant things to think about Port au Prince: 1) Most as of late, quite a bit of Haitis capital city was demolished in a cataclysmic size 7.0 tremor which hit close to Port au Prince on January 12, 2010. The loss of life in the seismic tremor was in the thousands and the majority of Port au Princes focal architecturally significant area, its capital structure, the parliament working, just as other city foundation, for example, emergency clinics were decimated. 2) The city of Port au Prince was authoritatively consolidated in 1749 and in 1770 it supplanted Cap-Franã §ais as the capital of the French settlement of Saint-Domingue. 3) Modern-day Port au Prince is situated on a characteristic harbor on the Gulf of Gonã ¢ve which has permitted it to support more financial action than different territories of Haiti.4) Port au Prince is Haitis monetary center point as it is a fare place. The most widely recognized fares leaving Haiti through Port au Prince are espresso and sugar. Food handling is additionally basic in Port au Prince. 5) The number of inhabitants in Port au Prince is hard to precisely decide on account of an enormous nearness of ghettos in the slopes nearby the city. 6) Although Port au Prince is thickly populated the citys format is separated as business regions are close to the water, while local locations are in the slopes close to the business regions. 7) Port au Prince is isolated into independent areas that are controlled by their own neighborhood city hall leaders who are under the ward of the whole citys general chairman. 8) Port au Prince is viewed as the instructive center of Haiti as it has a few distinctive instructive organizations which run from huge colleges to littler professional schools. The State University of Haiti is additionally situated in Port au Prince. 9) Culture is a significant part of Port au Prince exhibition halls including ancient rarities from voyagers like Christopher Columbus and noteworthy structures. A large number of these structures, in any case, were harmed in the January 12, 2010 seismic tremor. 10) Recently, the travel industry has become a significant piece of Port au Princes economy, anyway most vacationer movement centers around the citys notable locale and wealthy zones. Reference Wikipedia. (2010, April 6). Port-au-Prince - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Recovered from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port-au-Prince

Gustave Caillebottes The Orange Trees essays

Gustave Caillebottes The Orange Trees articles The work picked for assessment in this article is Gustave Caillebottes 1878 oil on canvas painting titled The Orange Trees, a 61 x 46 work in which two focal human figures are situated in a proper nursery in which orange trees are planted in etched boxes. The male figure in the frontal area is the specialists sibling, Marital; he wears a straw cap and purple shoes and is delineated perusing a paper or magazine, his back to the craftsman, and his head twisted around the understanding material. Out of sight is the specialists cousin, Zoe, who wears a striped dress and red boots and who is twisting around one of the confined orange trees a proper nursery. Additionally present in the image are formal, created iron nursery seats and a winding way encompassed by formal plantings. As per the Museum of Fine Arts of Houston (MFAH) Web webpage (1), Capturing the particular light impacts of early afternoon, Gustave Caillebotte contrasts the cool shades of shade with the amazing, straightening impacts of direct daylight. The work of art by Caillebotte utilizes a corner to corner line moving from the lower left half of the canvas as one perspectives it to the upper right side, making a genuinely geometric shape that is by the by natural in its stream (a component made conceivable by the winding way that travels through the nursery, adjusted by a fix of splendidly hued blossoms). The surface is run of the mill of the Impressionists, utilizing rotating patches of profundity and surface paint to make varieties in tone and in the transaction of light and shadow. Equalization is accomplished through an unbalanced arrangement of the two human figures and the winding way, compared against the darker boxed orange trees. The point of convergence at the forefront of the work of art is the specialists situated sibling; the point of convergence in the back is the craftsmen standing cousin, yet the bending way makes development from the base to the highest point of the canvas. This bend likewise stress ... <!

Julia Child: Master Chef and TV Star Essay -- Biographies Cooking Pape

Julia Child: Master Chef and TV Star O Julia, Julia, Cook and clever vixen, Whose top notch quenelles and hot soufflã ©s, Whose English, Norse and German, and whose French, Are all past my forlorn forces to commend Whose pleasantly adjusted base and whose legs, Whose thoughtful face, whose nature mild, Are just approached by her fried eggs: Acknowledge from me, your ever-cherishing mate, This approval formed in fourteen lines Whose inward truth gives a false representation of its external sight; For never were there nourishments, nor were there wines, Whose flavor rises to yours for sheer pleasure. O tasty dish! O gustatory delight! You fulfill my taste-buds incomprehensible. - Paul Child Julia Child is an inventive virtuoso who changed the culinary world with her enthusiastic character and fine cooking aptitudes. She is a fine case of the zeal olfactory knowledge with unique accents of visual spatial and relational intelligence’s. There were numerous cooks that could fall in this insight class, including Escoffier, Beard, and Farmer . I picked Julia in light of the fact that she is a lady who kicked off something new in the realm of cooking. She enabled America by urging them to prepare and appreciate food. The zeal olfactory knowledge is actually a matter of taste and smell. An energy olfactory clever individual can make a particular taste, to make their own augmentations to plans, and to carry something new to the sense called taste. Youth and Heritage Julia Carolyn McWilliams was conceived in Pasadena, California, on August 15, 1921 to her glad guardians John and Caro McWilliams. Caro, as she was called, was a lively lady who needed to see the world before settling down. At the point when she at long last wedded John McWilliams she kept up her autonomous free s... ...also, mind. As Gardner expected it required some investment and consistent work at her order to ace it. Julia Child push off in new ways never investigated. She took on the conflict of being a lady in a male ruled field and world, along her way. She found the devices and the norm of her field unacceptable and started deal with another perspective about food. Julia, be that as it may, didn't follow Gardner’s idea of Faustian deal, but instead had great relational connections. Julia’s imaginative virtuoso permitted her to prevail in a basic world. Reference index Youngster, Julia. The Way To Cook. Knopf Inc. Canada, 1989. Cooper, Ann. A woman’s Place is in the Kitchen. Reinhold, 1998. Fitch, Noel Riley. Craving For Life. Doubleday, NY. 1997. Web sources: www.sallys-place.com www.foodwine.com www.iacp-online.org www.unknown.nu/Julia/

Danone and Sutas free essay sample

Danone and Sutas Brand Description Danone is one of the greatest dairy corporate gatherings on the planet and has a broad arrangement of brands and items. Brand thought In the dairy items area in Turkey, both organization has a legitimate brand picture. The brand thought of both organization center to the characteristic items. Danone shows this with â€Å"Bringing wellbeing trough nourishment to the same number of individuals as possible†. Then again, Sutas guards this thought with â€Å"Following us, take you to goodness and regular flavor. †. Both organization endeavors to help the primary thought of the brands. Danone bolsters the association to improve the milk providers and ranchers and to increase milk creation expectations to the European levels, for example, ‘Farmer Improvement Programs’, ‘Healthy my milk, support my villages’. Then again, Sutas underpins the flexibly chain approach which is based of all out quality administration arranged business forms, to guarantee the necessities of the idea of from grass to table. So the fundamental creation framework depends on ‘Food Safety Management System’. At the point when we take a gander at the two organizations, we can say that Danone keeps universal business measures to keep up its image thought. Plus, Sutas attempts to protect the name of the supplier of new and day by day milk supplier proceeded for a long time by customary ways. Brand Image Danone is a global dairy maker organization. When addressed on Danone’s brand picture in any nation, Danone items sold, buyers are bound to answer ‘healthy’ and ‘pleasure’. In Turkey, shoppers bound to answer ‘high quality’, ‘healthy’, ‘foreign company’, ‘probiotic products’ and ‘pleasure’. Be that as it may, the news distributed in Romaine about the Danone items containing cancer-causing substances influenced the brand picture of the brand bad. Furthermore the legislative issues about Israel changed the considerations of certain customers on the brand. As a finish of these circumstances, inverse brand picture is happened as a ‘pro-war’ and ‘unhealthy’ on the consumers’ mind. Then again, when addressed on Sutas’s brand picture, the vast majority of the clients answer ‘fresh and day by day milk’, ‘healthy’, ‘natural’ and ‘clean production’. This shows Sutas could accomplish to make a brand picture corresponding to its image thought. Brand Awareness and Connection with Consumers * Brand mindfulness and Brand sentiments As the two generally well known of dairy items segment Danone and Sutas consistently take attractions of the purchasers on the racks. Turkeys milkman by purchasers. This brand picture brings to organization high brand awarness in the business sectors. Particularly Sutass day by day drains pulls in purchasers in the racks. At the point when we take a gander at the market examines, piece of the overall industry of Sutas still increments. In 2009, the all out piece of the overall industry of Sutas was 15. 6 percent,in 2010 it was 17,5 and in 2011, it was 20,4 and in 2012, it expanded to 23,6. Then again, Danone has been serving from 1998. At the point when we take a gander at Danone brand mindfulness, we can see Danone’s effective brand mindfulness works. For example, Danino’s crusade ‘Discover the Animals’. This battle took the IAB Mixx Awards Europe in 2012 as the best brand mindfulness and situating effort. The â€Å"Discover the Animals† application has been utilized by 2 million distinct clients. It increased more than 180,000 individuals who encountered the Danino’s site page. In excess of 500,000 magnets were sold and this number compares to 3 million Danino item deals all around Turkey. Furthermore, Danone Activia battle brings a high item and brand attention to the organization. At the first run through, the item was propelled to the market; brand picture among shoppers was occured as an old person’s yogurt for upset stomachs. A system group of Danone attempted to build up a brand position and correspondence procedure that moved Activia yogurt to a consistently on and effectively working yogurt that keeps you, your best †Not only a probiotic answer for stomach throbs. Piece of the overall industry of Danone expanded across 10 percent with this 10 million dollar work. Likewise Sutas propelled Yovita, probiotic item to the market to take an offer from 20 million dollar probiotic division which establishes 4.6% of the dairy items area. Nonetheless, Danone’s Activia has been adored by ladies more than Yovita so we can see that Activia’s piece of the overall industry is 55 percent and Yovita’s 45 percent. Most shoppers believe that Sutas’s Yovita is a devotee of Activia in probiotic division. Then again, in day by day or sanitized milk items, most shoppers believe that Sutas substantially more characteristic and sound contrast with the Danone. In any case, with the expansion in the quantity of dairy items maker, a few customers have been begun to believe that Danone and Sutas increasingly costly that the quality they offer. Purpose of Parities and Differences of Brands Sutas and Danone are the most remarkable opponents of one another in the market. Then again, we can see that there are numerous distinctions just as likenesses. Sutas in dairy items area from 1975, yet Danone has been serving from 1998 in dairy items, from the finish of 2007, it has been serving in infant and sustenance item segment. At the point when we take a gander at the creation and circulation channels of the organizations, Danone makes creation in seven unique urban areas around Turkey while Sutas fabricates in two offices. Two organizations focus on conveyance channels to arrive at each piece of Turkey. Be that as it may, Sutas give substantially more consideration and work to day by day created milk so it utilizes its appropriation channels all the more adequately to convey item delivered each day in 12 hours, yet Danone has no expectation on this heading. Contrast from Sutas, Danone has a high notoriety and client consideration since it is a notable worldwide organization and it attempts to get the universal gauges underway. Then again, Sutas has been serving for quite a while and having numerous long periods of involvement with the dairy showcase gets confidence to the brand and high notoriety. Likewise clients interiorized Sutas as customary dairy producer. Sutas has more items decision in dairy item division contrast with Danone. Danone serves in dairy item area more, Sutas benefits in the market with milk, cheddar, yogurt, margarine, infant and childrens items, wellness and wellbeing items, new dairy pastries, modern items and results of mass utilization outside the home. Sutas is known as ‘Turkey’s milkman’, however Danone has no such sort of explicit item situating in Turkey. Both organization apportion huge financial plan for the social obligation activities and make associations and occasions in this reason.

Direct effect of European Community regulations - Free Essay Example

1) The matter at issue include: (a) direct effect of European Community (EC) regulations; (b) direct effect of EC directives; and (b) the principle of state liability. (a) Direct Effect of Regulations Article 249 of the Treaty Establishing the European Community (TEC) state: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦a regulation shall have general application. It shall be binding in its entirety and directly applicable in all Member Statesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Thus, a regulation does not have to be implemented by Member States through national legislation for it to be applicable in those states. However, citizens of Member States would be able to directly enforce a regulation in national courts if it satisfies certain conditions, namely, it must be sufficiently precise and unconditional, leaving no room for discretion in implementation[1]. It has been established that citizens of Member States may bring an action against a state or an emanation of a state[2] in national court if that public authority is in breach of such a regulation[3]. This is known as vertical direct effect. Additionally, citizens could bring an action against private individuals in national courts for breach of a regulation[4]. This is known a horizontal direct effect. Considering the facts of the case it seems that the (imaginary) Regulation is directly applicable in the UK courts because it is a Community regulation. Furthermore, it is directly effective in the UK courts because the implementation of the amount of damages recoverable by occupiers of commercial premises who have been physically injured due to mercury contamination of their land does not depend on any conditions; and the rules for determining the amount of damages are sufficiently precise because it would be based on the rules that govern other personal injury claims in the UK. Thus, Martin could bring an action against his local authority. However, such an action is unlikely to succeed because there does not seem to be any breach of the Regulation by any local authority. But Martin could bring an action against Acme Chemicals. Since Martin suffered physically injury from mercury poisoning as a result of mercury leaking from the land of Acme Chemical, there seems to be a breach of the Regulation and thus he would be quite likely to succeed if he brought the action. Thus, it is submitted that Martin would not be likely to succeed if he brings an action against his local a uthority but he would be likely to succeed if he brings an action against Acme Chemicals Ltd. (b) Vertical Direct Effect of Directives Article 249 of the TEC state that directives are à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“bindingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦upon each member state to which it is addressed, but shall leave to the national authorities the choice of form and methods.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  The fact that directives are not described as directly applicable does not mean that are incapable of such effects and it has been held that directives could be capable of direct effect[5]. A directive would be directly applicable if it satisfies the criteria for direct effect: it must be sufficiently precise and unconditional, leaving no room for discretion in implementation[6]. As long as a directive limits the discretionary powers conferred on member states, it would be deemed to be sufficiently clear[7]. And the obligations imposed by that directive would become unconditional, i.e., absolute, once the time limit for i ts implementation has expired[8]. Thus, if a directive is directly effective then a citizen could bring an action against a public authority for breach of its Community obligations[9]. Moreover, it has been established that an individual cannot enforce a directive against an individual (corporate or otherwise) in the national courts because directive do not have horizontal direct effect.[10] Considering the facts of the case it seems that Martin would be able to enforce the imaginary Directive in the UK courts because it limits the power of the UK by postulating a stipulated amount of damages and by providing strict liability against those who cause injuries due to mercury leaking from their land; and because the Directive had not been implemented by 25 March 2006. Thus, it is submitted that Martin is could bring an action against a public authority for breach of its obligations under the imaginary Directive. However, Martin would be unlikely to succeed because there does not seem to be a breach of any obligation under the Directive by any public authority. Moreover, Martin would not be able to bring an action against Acme Chemicals Ltd because it is a private entity. (b) State Liability The ECJ has established that where a state failed to implement an EC directive it would be obliged to compensate individuals for damages suffered as a result of its failure to implement the directive if: (i) the directive involved conferred rights on individuals; (ii) there was a sufficiently serious breach; and (iii) there was a casual link between the Stateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s failure to implement the directive and the damage suffered by the persons affected[11]. The à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"decisive testà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ or whether a breach is sufficiently serious is whether the institution has à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"manifestly and gravely exceeded the limits of its discretionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[12]. The factors a courts should take into account in assessing this include: the clar ity and the precision of the rules breached, the measure of discretion left by the rule to the national or Community authorities, whether the infringement and the damage caused was intentional or voluntary, whether any error of law was excusable or inexcusable, the fact that the position taken by a community institution may have contributed towards the omission, and the adoption or retention of national measures or practices contrary to Community lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[13]. The critical element in this list seems to be the clarity and the precision of the rule breached[14]. Furthermore, it seems that in the context of the transposition of directives, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"a restrictive approach to State liability is justified to ensure that the exercise of legislative function is not hindered by the prospect of actions for damages whenever the general interest requires the institutions or Member States to adopt measures which may adversely affect individual interestsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[15]. However, it should be noted that the ECJà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s approach is not consistent and in some cases a clear breach of community law would be sufficiently serious to establish state liability[16]. Considering the facts of the case it seems that Martin could bring an action against the UK for failing to implement the imaginary directive because: The directive conferred upon individuals who suffered injuries from mercury poisoning the right to bring an action in tort on strict liability theory against those persons from whose land the mercury escaped. There seems to be a sufficient serious breach because the failure of the UK government to implement the directive manifestly exceeds the limits of its discretion. The directive clearly imposes strict liability on individuals if mercury leaks from their land and injuries someone, and states a minimum level of compensation (150,000 Euro). Even though the UK law is identical to the rule in the directive, the courts may find that there was a serious breach because the UK law does not provide a minimum level of compensation. The restrictive approach of state liability may not be applicable here because the UK has not adopted any measure that could provide a minimum level of compensation for injured parties. Additionally, the courts may find the UK responsible on the ground that they had failed to implement Community legislation. However, there does not seem to be any direct causal link between Martinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s physical injuries and the UK Governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s failure to implement the Directive because the Directive could not have prevented Martinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s injuries. Nevertheless, Martin could argue that if the directive had been implemented Acme Chemicals would have been more careful about mercury leakages which could have prevented his injury. However, it is submitted that the courts would be unlikely to accept this line of reasoning. In conclusion it is submitted that it is quite unlikely that Martin would be able to succeed if he brings an action for damages against the state for failing to implement the Directive because there does not seem to be a causal link between the breach and the injury suffered by Martin. However, Martin would still be able to bring an action against Acme Chemicals under English tort law. 2) The matter at issue includes grounds for direct action for annulment. Action for Annulment The framework for direct action for annulment is set out in Article 230 of the TEC. This Article grants jurisdiction to the ECJ to review the legality of all measures taken by the institutions designed to have legal effect, whatever their form or nature[17]. Thus, a decision made by the Commission is capable of annulment under to Article 230. Furthermore, Article 230 states that a natural or legal person would only have locus standi to challenge a decision addressed to himself or herself. However, t he decision has to be challenged within two months of its publication or notification to the plaintiff. If the two month time-limit expires a claimant cannot seek to challenge a measure by the back door, either by invoking Article 241[18] or by alleging a failure to act when the institution concerned refuses to take requested action. Once the courts have decided that the claim is admissible, the case will be decided on he merits. The grounds for annulment are delineated in Article 230. These are: (i) lack of competence; (ii) infringement of an essential procedural requirement; (iii) infringement of the Treaty or any rule of law relating to its applications; and (iii) misuse of powers. A claim based on lack of competence may be brought before the ECJ if the institution responsible for adopting the measure in question did not have the legal authority to do so. A claim based on infringement of procedural requirement would arise if the binding measure was not enacted accordi ng to the correct procedure. The correct procedures may be stated in the TEC or secondary legislation. For example, Article 253 of the TEC requires that all secondary legislation must state the reasons on which it is based; and must refer to proposals and opinions which were required to be obtained. It has been established that these reasons must not be too vague or inconsistent; they must be coherent; they must mention the figures and essential facts on which they rely. These reasons must be adequate to indicate the conscientiousness of the decision; and detailed enough to be scrutinised by the court[19]. The purpose of this requirement is to enable the affected parties to defend their rights and to enable the Court to exercise its supervisory jurisdiction. An action for annulment could also arise if the measure is in breach of general principles of law approved by the ECJ (e.g. equality, proportionality), any principle common to the constitution of Member States[20], and princi ples of international treaties in the field of human rights on which Member States have collaborated[21]. Finally, a measure could be annulled for misuse of power, i.e., use of a power for purposes other those for which it was granted. But a measure will not be annulled for misuse of power if the improper use had no effect on its substance; or it the authorities acted from mixed motives, proper and improper, as long the proper purpose is dominant[22]. Considering the facts of the case, and assuming that the two month time-limit has not expired, it seems that Mediflair would be able to make a direct action for annulment because it was specifically mentioned in the decision. Thus, a claim for an action for annulment would be admissible to the Court. It seems that the Commission may not have exceeded its legal competence because the Commission has the legal authority to make decisions which affect the European market. Since working hours and employment law issues are important aspects of any economy the Decision to reduce doctorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s working hours would be within its legal competence. Additionally, the decision does not seem to be in breach of any rule of law because it seems to be consistent with general principles of law, and international human rights law. Finally, it does not seem to be a misuse of power because there does not seem to be any evidence of improper motives. However, the decision could be challenged on the grounds of procedural impropriety because the Commission did not provide a detailed and thorough reasoning for the decision to reduce the working hours for doctors in private companies from fifty hours to forty hours. Since the Commission did not submit any facts or figures in support of its decision, it would be considered vague; and thus make it impossible for Mediflair to defend its rights. Therefore, it is submitted that Mediflair would be able to challenge the decision and bring proceedings for annulment on the gr ounds of infringement of essential procedural requirements. In conclusion, it is submitted that Mediflair would most likely be able to bring an action for annulment of the decision to decrease the working hours of doctors in the private sector and would be very likely to succeed. Bibliography Conventions Treaty of the European Community Cases Brasserie du PÃÆ' ªcheur SA v Germany (Cases C-46 48/93) [1996] I-1029 Commission v Belgium (Case 156/77) Commission v Council (Re Europe Raod Transport Agreement) (Case 22/70) Courage Ltd v Crehan (C453/99) [2001] E.C.R. I-6297 (Westlaw) Foster and Others v. British Gas Plc (Cases 188-89). Francovich and Bonifaci v Italy (Cases C-6 9/90) [1991] ECR I-5357 Germany v Commission (Re Tariff Quotas on Wine) (Case 24/62) Internationale Handelsgesellschaft mbH (Case 11/70) J Nold KG v Commission (Case 4/73) Marshall v Southampton and South West Hampshire AHA (C271/91) [1993] ECR I-4367 (Westlaw). P ublico Ministero v Tullio Ratti (Case 148/78) ECR 1269 R v Her Majestyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Treasury, ex parte British Telecommunications plc (Cases C-392/93) R v Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, ex parte Hendley Lomas (Ireland) Ltd (Case C-5/94) Van Duyn v Home Office (Case 41/74) [1974] ECR 1337 1 Footnotes [1] See Publico Ministero v Tullio Ratti (Case 148/78) ECR 1269 para 23. [2] Emanation of a State includes a body which is under the control of the Stateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢: reports to a minister who may give it directions as to its management and activities, has general control over its finances and may require it to pay over to him any of the bodys revenue which appears to him to be surplus to its requirements. See Foster and Others v. British Gas Plc (Cases 188-89). [3] See Marshall v Southampton and South West Hampshire AHA (C271/91) [1993] ECR I-4367 (Westlaw). [4] See Courage Ltd v Crehan (C453/99) [2001] E.C.R. I-6297 (Westlaw). [5] See Van Duyn v Home Office (Case 41/74) [1974] ECR 1337, para 12. [6] See Publico Ministero v Tullio Ratti, supra note1, para 23. [7] See Van Duyn v Home Office, supra note 5. [8] See Publico Ministero v Tullio Ratti, supra note 1 at para 43. [9] See Foster v British Gas, supra note 2. [10] See Marshall v. Southampton an d South West Hampshire AHA supra note 3. [11] See Brasserie du PÃÆ' ªcheur SA v Germany (Cases C-46 48/93) [1996] I-1029 para 50 and 51, see also Francovich and Bonifaci v Italy (Cases C-6 9/90) [1991] ECR I-5357 para 40. [12] Ibid. at para 55. [13] Ibid. at para 56. [14] See for example, R v Her Majestyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Treasury, ex parte British Telecommunications plc (Cases C-392/93). [15] Ibid. at para 40. [16] See R v Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, ex parte Hendley Lomas (Ireland) Ltd (Case C-5/94). [17] Commission v Council (Re Europe Raod Transport Agreement) (Case 22/70). [18] See Commission v Belgium (Case 156/77). [19] See Germany v Commission (Re Tariff Quotas on Wine) (Case 24/62). [20] See Internationale Handelsgesellschaft mbH (Case 11/70). [21] See J Nold KG v Commission (Case 4/73). [22] See Federation CharbonniÃÆ' ¨re de Belgique v High Authority (Case 8/55).

Getting to Mars Overcoming Hurdles

In the late 1960s, the United States proved to the world that it was possible to land humans on the Moon. Today, decades after that first mission, people are again looking to travel to another world, but its not just to the Moon. Now, they want to walk on Mars. Innovations in spacecraft, materials, and designs will be needed to accomplish such a mission, and those challenges are being met by new generations of engineers and scientists. Visiting and colonizing those worlds will require complex spacecraft not just to get people there, but to safeguard them once they arrive. Todays rockets are far more powerful, far more efficient and far more reliable than those used on the Apollo missions.  The electronics that control the spacecraft and that help keep the astronauts alive are changing all the time, and some of it gets used every day, in cellphones that would put the Apollo electronics to shame. Today, every aspect of manned space flight has become substantially more evolved. So why, then, have humans  not been to Mars YET? Getting to Mars is Difficult The root of the answer is that the scale of what a trip to Mars is incredibly big and complex. The challenges are formidable. For example, nearly two-thirds of Mars missions have met with some failure or mishap. And those are just the robotic ones! It gets more crucial when people start to talk about sending people to the Red Planet!   Think about how far they will have to travel. Mars is about 150 times farther away from Earth than the Moon. That may not sound like a lot, but think about what that means in terms of added fuel. More fuel means more weight. More weight means bigger capsules and bigger rockets. Those challenges alone put a trip to Mars on a different scale from simply hopping to the Moon (which takes a few days at the most). However, those are the only challenges.  NASA has spacecraft designs (like Orion and Nautilus) that would be capable of making the trip. Other agencies and companies have plans to go to Mars, such as SpaceX and the Chinese government, but even they arent quite ready yet to make the  leap. However, its quite likely that some form of a mission will fly, perhaps within a decade at the very earliest. An artists rendition of SpaceXs interplanetary transport system approaching Mars carrying a crew. SpaceX, donated to public domain.  Ã‚   However, theres another challenge: time. Since Mars is so far away, and orbits the Sun at a different rate than Earth, NASA (or anybody sending people to Mars) must time launches to the Red Planet very precisely. Mission planners have to wait until the best window of opportunity when the planets are in the correct orbital alignment. Thats true for the trip there as well as the trip home. The window for a successful launch opens up only every couple of years, so timing is crucial. Also, it takes time to get to Mars safely; months or possibly as much as a year for the one-way trip.   While it may be possible to cut the travel time down to a month or two using advanced propulsion technology currently under development, once on the surface of the Red Planet the astronauts will need to wait until Earth and Mars are correctly aligned again before returning. How long will that take? A year and a half, at  least. Dealing With the Issue of Time The lengthy timescale for travel to and from Mars causes problems in other areas as well. How do the travelers get enough oxygen? What about water? And, of course, food? And how do they get around the fact that they are traveling through space, where the Suns energetic solar wind is sending harmful radiation around the spacecraft? And, there are also the micrometeorites, the debris of space, that threaten to puncture the spacecraft or spacesuit of an astronaut. The solutions to these problems are trickier to accomplish. But they will be solved, which will make a trip to Mars doable. Protecting the astronauts while in space means building the spacecraft out of robust materials and shielding it from the Suns harmful rays. The problems of food and air will have to be solved through creative means. Growing plants that produce both food and oxygen is a good start. However, this means that should the plants die, things will go horribly wrong. That is all assuming you have enough room to grow the volume of planets needed for such an adventure. Astronauts could take food, water, and oxygen along, but enough supplies for the entire trip will add weight and size to the spacecraft. One possible solution might be to send materials to be used ON Mars ahead, on an uncrewed rocket to land on Mars and be waiting when the humans get there.  Thats a very doable solution that several mission planners are considering. An artists conception of a food production unit on Mars with the cutaway showing the plants colonists would need.   NASA NASA is confident that it can overcome these problems, but we are not quite there yet. SpaceX says its getting ready. The plans from other countries are less knowable, but they are serious about Mars, as well. Still, the plans are still very much theoretical. Over the coming two decades mission planners hope to close the gap between theory and reality. Maybe then, humanity can actually send astronauts to Mars on long-term missions of exploration and eventual colonization. Updated and edited by Carolyn Collins Petersen.

Bullying Is Not A Game - 1805 Words

Bullying according to stopbullying.com is unwanted, aggressive behavior among school-aged children that involves a real or perceived power imbalance. The behavior is repeated or has the potential to be repeated, over time. Bullying happens everywhere in schools, outside of school, and now even online. Bullying is not a game is something very serious that may cause serious lasting problems. This is a very serious problem Bullying Statistics.org reports in the Unites States alone about one in four kids in the U.S are bullied on a regular basis. In a recent SAFE survey, teens in grades sixth through 10th grade are the most likely to be involved in activities related to bullying. Many kids believe bullying is cool and it’s a way to make more friends and to be accepted with the cool kids. One thing I find very interesting according to stopbullying.org kids who bully other kids are more likely to, abuse alcohol and other drugs in adolescence and as adults. Hard to believe but also t rue, they tend to get into fights, vandalize property, and at higher risk to drop out of school. Also, be abusive toward their romantic partners, spouses, or children as adults. I remember growing up and having to go to an elementary that seem to be an all-white school. It was very different, am not saying I felt discriminated on but it sure seemed liked it, the way I was treated by some of the kids. I not saying I was the only Hispanic in that school, there was many of us. I felt because the wayShow MoreRelatedVideo Games and Their Role in Violence and Bullying Essay1374 Words   |  6 Pagesmature video games that the children play on their media device. However, many people say that there are other reasons that children show aggressive behavior and why they become bullies to other children. I believe that there are other reasons than video games that cause a child to become disobedient and unruly. There are many studies that show that video games are not the reason behind the y outh’s behavior but other factors in their lives. Although the studies show that it is not video games to blameRead MoreEssay about Exploring the Issue of Cyber Bullying1238 Words   |  5 PagesCyber bullying has been a topic for scholarly inquiry, political debate, and policy reform since the commercialization of the Internet. Pre-internet bullying involved socially marginalized children and teenagers picking on their friends and other marginalized children in the school yard. Traditional discipline included detentions, phone calls to their parents, and some sort of reconciliation between the children involved. Today however, the climate for bullies has dramatically changed and theRead MoreThe Issues Of Cyber Bullying946 Words   |  4 Pages Coastal Carolina University The Issues of Cyber-bullying Alyssa Staub CSCI 101 – D1 Professor Matthews October 23, 2017 â€Æ' Cyber bullying has been a topic for scholarly inquiry, political debate, and policy reform since the commercialization of the Internet. Pre-internet bullying involved socially marginalized children and teenagers picking on their friends and other marginalized children at school. Traditional discipline included detentions, phone calls to their parentsRead MorePros And Cons Of Violent Video Games1148 Words   |  5 PagesShould teens be able to buy violent video games? No, teens should not be able to purchase video games that contain violent content. Violent video games in a person’s early years could result in much, much worse things later on in life. Studies show that violent video games could result in bullying, criminal activity, or in worse cases, suicide. Games that withhold violent scenes can result in bullying. Children will see what they are doing in their game, and think that it would be acceptable toRead MorePlaying Violent Video Games On Children965 Words   |  4 PagesViolent Video Games When kids get bored they turn to their PlayStation four, Nintendo DS, or Xbox and play their favorite games. According to the journal of the American Medical Association, â€Å"Several peer-reviewed studies have shown that children who play M-rated games are more likely to bully and cyberbully their peers, get into physical fights, be hostile, and show aggression towards their peers.†(Carter 32) Video games are known as ‘time-wasters’ to parents, and worse, these games can corrupt theRead MoreFacebook : Networking And Societal Impact1475 Words   |  6 Pagesonline Facebook games also support the above findings. They argue that most of the individuals that play Facebook online games are attracted by the anonymous nature of the games, and their ability to freely interact with other players. The flow of the game, for instance, is a supported by the perception that any individual can join, comment, create new identities, and compete. The behaviors of players may als o change from pleasant to aggressive without affecting the mode of the game. The tests appearedRead MoreEssay on Effect of Mass Media on Youth775 Words   |  4 Pagesbeing merely a form of practical functions to forms of entertainment, such as computer and video games. Since the commencement of these technological advancements, our lives have become significantly more convenient. However, as technology has considerably developed, it has had detrimental effects on members of society, especially on youth. Young people now identify social internet networks, video games, cell phones, and numerous other electronic amusements as essential technological devices. NeverthelessRead MoreThe Blame Game- Who Is Responsible for the Bully1724 Words   |  7 PagesThe Blame Game- Who is Responsible for the Bully? Abstract You hear the sad stories on your local and even national news, kids who pay the ultimate price for being the victim of bullying, death. Many stories gain nationwide popularity like the story of Jamey Rodemeyer, an openly gay fourteen year old who hanged himself due to the torment he could no longer take from his bullies. Another infamous story is that of Florida teen Seath Jackson, who was brutally beaten and shot to death byRead MoreBullying And Its Effects On Society Essay1298 Words   |  6 PagesBullying, or being bullied, was once thought of as a normal process of growing up that had little to no impact in life. Now, it has become lethal enough to even go as far to convince one to end their life or commit a felony. The action of bullying a person has increased not just physically but also through the cyberspace world. As the world’s internet continues to expand with more social media and entertainment pages like Facebook, WorldStarHipHop, video blogging website, music video promotersRead MoreLord Of The Flies Bullying Essay932 Words   |  4 Pages In William Goldings Lord of the Flies, the audience witness multiple acts of bullying. In the beginning of the book, when Ralph and Piggy first met they didnt get along well. Ralph was calling Piggy names and making fun of how he was called Piggy. Piggy of course was hurt by this and didnt appreciate how Ralph did this to him. When kids bully each other over devices, I think that that the parents and teachers should work together and try to figure out what is happening and resolve the problem

The Politics Of Theater And Politics - 1550 Words

The Politics of Theater In the theater, the role of a performer is to convince the audience they are something or someone they are not. In much the same way actors pretend to fool the audience, politicians likewise use acting to conceal their true political goals from potential opponents. This strong association between the theater and politics is readily apparent in Julius Caesar. The conspirators led by Cassius and Brutus use acting to conceal their politically motivated goal to assassinate Caesar. Marc Antony likewise uses acting to not only conceal his hatred for the conspirators, but to also turn public opinion against them. This relationship between politics and the theater is reinforced by having various characters directly reference the theater when discussing political goals. However, in the end, Antony manages to emerge victorious. This is largely due to Brutus’s decision to not only spare him but to allow him to speak at Caesars funeral. This decision marks a key turning point in t he play and highlights a disconnect between Brutus and the theater. This disconnect results in the failure to anticipate not only Antony’s true intentions, but also in the power of rhetoric to sway the populace. Equally important is Antony’s own complete immersion in the theater to allow him to deceive the conspirators and recognize how best to use his words to influence the people. These two factors build off each other and are critical in determining the eventual conclusionShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Movie House Of Cards 1448 Words   |  6 Pageslook at US politics. This is further proven by the fact that Frank Underwood thrives in this system. The main critiques of the system come from the importance of the media and how public perception is a driving force in influencing politics, with many scandals making or breaking various politicians throughout the show. Another criticism is how modern politics has turned into its own version of Theater. Also, the sho w criticizes the lack of genuine democracy that is shown in current politics. AnotherRead MoreAnalysis Of Theater Of The Oppressed By Augusto Boal1476 Words   |  6 PagesIn Theater of the Oppressed, Augusto Boal argues that theater is inherently political and that traditional, Aristotelian theater is inherently oppressive. He reviews the history of theater, from Aristotle through Machiavelli, Hegel, and Brecht, and proposes a new idea of theater that breaks the bounds between audience and performers, and between chorus and protagonist. In the Introduction, Boal introduces his main proposition, that theater is inherently political. He presents conflicting classicalRead MoreAncient Greek Culture808 Words   |  3 Pagesif they weren’t doing this, they were discussing politics or going to the theater for entertainment. There they would watch relatable dramas that were normally about current politics or the Greek gods. The women were not allowed to watch dramas or perform in the theater. The men played the roles of both men and women in the theater. Men ran the government and also spent a great deal of their time away from home. When they were not involved in politics, they spent their time in fields, growing and workingRead MoreNative Desert Of Cities By Join Robit Baitz1032 Words   |  5 Pagesand Silda Grauman who is Polly’s sister. The dilemma about this play is about a secret that Brooke’s parents have about her brother Henry who supposedly committed suicide. The main themes that are developed throughout the performance are family and politics. Other Desert of Cities is a good production for a person that knows and understands these themes. This play uses a vocabulary that might be inappropriate for audience younger than 15 years old. That it is why the audience tend to be adult peopleRead MoreTheater, Water, And Safe House By Solmaz Sharif1419 Words   |  6 Pages The collection of poems â€Å"Theater†, â€Å"Water†, and â€Å"Safe House† by Solmaz Sharif shows the varied viewpoints of how war affects the speakers and how death is all too common in the midst of warfare. The author uses a spectrum of literary techniques to enhance the experience of the reader, so we can fully grasp the severity of each speaker’s plight. All of Sharif’s poems differ in form with the use of white space and indentations in â€Å"Theater†, colons in â€Å"Water†, and a style of abecedarian using theRead MoreBlack Creative Production ( Music, Dance Theater ) Essay770 Words   |  4 PagesBlack Creative Production (music, dance theater) The author is talking about the political play ‘Autumn’, which introduced the audience to the inside world of politics. The story revolves around the character mayor Franklyn played by Jerome Preston Bates. Bates character is self-centered, greedy, and will go after anyone who opposes him to destroy their lives. Franklyn advisor Zack knows about the shady deals and is uncomfortable with the situation. In addition, Franklyn’s wife Melissa knows ofRead MoreI Am A Pakistan Born United States Resident702 Words   |  3 Pagesduring elementary school. As an adult, I acted in community and regional theaters. I performed in Urdu and Punjabi languages. I grew up in a culturally diverse household and community. This enabled me to relate to different personal and societal experiences, and to live out my own and other people s stories through my acting. Also, my collaborative nature, strong sense of imagination and interest in poetry, literature, politics, public affairs a nd human experience has helped me play many roles effectivelyRead MoreThe Evolution Of Greek Theater1576 Words   |  7 Pages The Evolution of Greek Theater Greek theater can be considered to be one of the building blocks for our theater today. The advancements that the Greeks possessed in the early fifth century were the start of western theater. The Greeks were heavily involved with religion and religious festivals, comedies, tragedies, climatic drama, and took the outdoor amphitheater and made many improvements to its structure. In Ancient Greece religion and theater went hand in hand. The Greeks developed religionRead MorePersonal Statement For Tisch School Of The Arts708 Words   |  3 Pagesduring elementary school. As an adult, I acted in community and regional theaters. I performed in Urdu and Punjabi languages. I grew up in culturally diverse household and community. This helped me go through different personal and societal experiences and enabled me to live out my own and other people s stories through my acting. Also, my collaborative nature, strong sense of imagination and interest in poetry, literature, politics, public affairs and human experience has helped me play many roles effectivelyRead MoreEssay on Rousseaus Critique of Moliere647 Words   |  3 Pagesinstead, he harms it. The reason is because Moliere is bringing down the value of society by using politics and comedy together. People are starting to see their flaws as being acceptable due to the content they see in Moliere’s work . If the first thing that one learns about Rousseau is that he was a supporter of community, the second is almost always that that he was moralistically opposed to theater as destructive of community morals. The source for this judgment is the Letter to D’Alembert, a text

Essay about Racism and Slavery Hand in Hand - 1304 Words

The American colonies were established with the idea of freedom and liberty to all. This goal, however, is darkened by a contradictory event: racism. Racism against African Americans (Negroes) in America was a by-product of permanent and inhumane enslavement of the black population. This type slavery was built upon the need for the American colonies to achieve economic prosperity and social stability. The slavery prior to these social and economic problems was equal to that of white slavery. Black and white slaves and indentured servants received the same treatments, given equal punishments and working conditions. Both races were regarded as equally low in status and slavery itself in general carried a term of negative connotation. Free†¦show more content†¦The court later acknowledged that Tony Longo was a citizen who worked hard to maintain a living and then relieved him of his duties. The black population during this period was in all aspects equal to the white people. R acism in this period of time was rarely prevalent in the white community as a whole against the black population. One of the problems that led the colonies to implement permanent and brutal slavery upon the black population was based on economic reasons. In the 1690s, many colonies turned from naval stores and fur trade to the cultivation of rice, sugar, and tobacco. These products required great amounts of land and capital equipment for large scale operations. As a result, there is an immediate search for the cheapest and experienced laborers: African Americans. The immense profits that the landowners gained continued the incentive to work the black slaves as hard as possible. In addition, the King Tobacco Diplomacy also supported that it is the natural interest for the United States to depend on a lifetime of slave labor. The other problem that led to inhumane slavery is because of the need to stabilize society. This problem came into play when there was a great amount of English freedmen who were landless and poor. These English freedmen were the product of indentured servitude that lived out their contracts and became free. ByShow MoreRelatedSlavery and Racism1509 Words   |  7 PagesCivilization Dr. Carlson November 17, 2011 Slavery and Racism: Are They One in the Same? Aphra Behn was an extremely significant and influential English writer in the 1600s. One of her more famous works, Oroonoko, discusses the issues of slavery and racism in the Americas. Many people believe that slavery and racism go hand in hand. In fact, these two ideologies are awfully different. Slavery is the act of forcing humans to be treated property whereas racism is the belief that discrimination basedRead MoreRacism And Slavery : Black Or The Egg, Slavery Or Racism?993 Words   |  4 Pagesthe chicken or the egg, slavery or racism? The question of whether racism is the root of slavery, or if slavery caused racism is an ongoing debate that throughout history historians has been batting to answer, and have yet to come to an agreement. Some people think that people were made slaves because of prejudice toward the color of their skin, therefore, racism caused slavery; others believe that people saw slaves as inferior to them, and therefore slavery caused racism. Jordanâ€℠¢s â€Å"The Mutual CausationRead MoreSlavery and Racism Shown in Huckleberry Finn620 Words   |  3 Pagesvery prominent themes. These themes include racism and slavery, intellectual and moral education, and the hypocrisy of civilized society. The most dominant theme, racism and slavery, is recognized when the main character feels that he is doing the wrong thing in helping a runaway slave. It is also recognized in the passage where the main character talks to a boy who compares a black slave’s worth to two-hundred dollars. Twain used the theme racism and slavery in an attempt to convince southerners toRead MoreThe Effects Of Slavery On A Macro Level1682 Words   |  7 PagesIf we think of Slavery we think of it as an event in our history that degrading blacks, and only blacks. We, at least I don’t think of it as effecting whites, but if we look at the two authors Baldwin and Coats we see slavery and racism can be viewed on a whole different level. Blocking out s tereotypes Coates and Baldwin give us an inside look on what it was actually like like to own or to be a slave. Baldwin, talks about the effects of slavery on a micro level, and talks about how it affectsRead MoreEpitaph and Dreaming Black Boy1021 Words   |  5 Pagesa) Compare the ways in which these two poems deal with the experience of oppression and racism. b) State which of the two poems you find more disturbing, and give reasons to support your answer. c) Identify and comment on TWO poetic devices used in each poem to highlight the workings of oppression or racism. Dreaming Black Boy and Epitaph are two poems which address the issues of oppression and racism. though they both deal with the same problem, it is handled and discussed differently. Read MoreSocio-Historical Impact of ‚Äà ºRacism Is the Result of Slavery‚Äà ¹803 Words   |  4 PagesSocio-Historical impact of â€Å"Racism Is The Result Of Slavery† Human nature wants to cast people who are like oneself as better than people not like oneself. That bias requires very little encouragement when coupled with the tendency towards selective memory. This impairs the normal empathy that generally prevents people from casually harming their fellows. A little push from greed and viola. It ought to be observed that the vast majority of people sold into slavery from sub-Saharan Africa wereRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Django Unchained 1275 Words   |  6 Pagesediting, sound, music and mise-en-scene, this essay will investigate the ideology of Racism in film. OxfordDictionaries.com describes racism as â€Å"Prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism directed against someone of a different race based on the belief that one’s own race is superior.† When we, the audience think of racism in film, we traditionally think of movies for adults and often overlook the sinister aspect of racism in children’s films. I have chosen to contrast a recent R-rated film with a G-ratedRead MoreRacism Is Not A Physical Action1533 Words   |  7 PagesSolomon Northup a free Black man sold into slavery in Southern United States recalls in his memoir 12 Years A Slave being threatened by his white masters for being able to read and write. Not only did Blacks such as N orthup suffer from the structural violence that was slavery, but also from institutionalized racism in the school system. Racism is more than a single person s actions towards another based on skin color. Racism is â€Å" the belief that all members of each race possess certain characteristicsRead MoreAfrican People s Fight For Independence And Racial Equality Essay1240 Words   |  5 Pages Racism The definition of racism is the belief that all members of each race possess characteristics or abilities specific to that race, especially to distinguish it as inferior or superior to another race or races. Nelson Mandela an iconic figure for the black movement once said â€Å"No one is born hating another person because of the color of his skin, or his background, or his religion. People must learn to hate, and if they can learn to hate, they can be taught to love, for love comes more naturallyRead MoreMark Twain And Ta-Nehisi Coates Compare And Contrast Essay733 Words   |  3 PagesThe wounds given by a sword can be healed but nothing can heal a wound given by a word. The two writers Mark Twain and Ta-Nehisi Coates wrote about the decades of slavery in the United States, and tried to show how terribly slaves were treated and insulted through the repetition of the word â€Å"nigger†. They both adopt a humorous tone which aimed to challenge the society to stop judging peo ple based on their skin color, or race and to not turn a blind eye to the racial problems, but rather face them

The Achievement Of Desire By Richard Rodriguez - 1807 Words

I believe the purpose of education is to give students the necessary skills to reach one’s full potential. In â€Å"The Achievement of Desire† by Richard Rodriguez, the author tells how his involvement with education caused him to become disconnected from his family. Because there were no minority studies, the author had to adapt to a Western European point of view which caused him to become isolated from his family, while also disconnecting him from his culture; however today with the emergence of multicultural perspectives, minorities are able to understand their culture and create deeper connections with their communities. Unfortunately, my family s background consists of poverty, drug and alcohol abuse, and death. I have to admit that I†¦show more content†¦Without the determination to continue his education, Rodriguez could have given up his dream of becoming a scholar and settled for â€Å"dead end work† (521) that paid well. There were times where I wanted to give up my education. The dirty old bungalows that all my English classes were taught in were not motivating atmospheres. There were many students who came to class unprepared or did not care about the class, which caused class discussions to become quiet and boring. Thankfully, most of the professors at my community college were passionate about their jobs, which would inspire me to continue my path to becoming educated. Because no one in my family had ever attended college, I did not have an academic role model when I began attending college. It was not until college that I had a Hispanic professor, Ms. Godinez, who helped me realize that Latinas are a part of the academic realm. Similar to Rodriguez’s experience, I aspired to be like my professors. Rodriguez describes how his professors appealed to him, he says, â€Å"I wanted to be like my teacher, to possess their knowledge, to assume their authority, their confidence even to assume a teacher’s perso na† (522). Unfortunately, Rodriguez thought that in order to be like his professors he had to mimic their thoughts and actions. Ms. Godinez taught me the importance of applying texts to my own life. While reading The Kite Runner in

Building the Sustainable Organization-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Business Model Innvation at BHP Billition and Business Model Innovation at Wesfarmers. Answer: Key Strategic Idea BHP Billiton is one of the market leaders in their field of metal, mining and petroleum. The company has followed a unique structure and strategy in the last decade to gain competitive advantage in the market. BHP Billiton is largest mining company in the world and this has been possible only because of the usage of innovation in the business model (Grant et al. 2014). The company has kept its core value intact and it has produced positive results for them. BHP Billitons Strategy is based on diversification where the organization tries to operate on low cost, long life, expandable assets. Wesfarmers have invested in retail, coal mining, chemicals, industrial products for safety and fertilizers. This shows that the organization has a diversified portfolio and the organization is able to gain large amount share in market due to the innovation they sue in their business model. Wesfarmers is one of the largest companies in Australia and has been able to hold on the market share due to their use of innovation in the business model. Wesfarmers have a strong management capability, which helps them to formulate and execute strategies (Biddle 2016). The company monitors day to day activities to ensure maximum productivity in all their diversified portfolios. Business model innovation at BHP Billiton The business model that has been established by the company helps in the development of the core competencies and the at the same time expertises in the development, evaluation, selling and extraction of natural resources. The business of the organization is asset intensive and the success of the organization is dependent on the safety, reliability and productivity of the operations (Perrott 2015). The improvements in the productivity of the organization with the help of unique features are the reason for their huge share in the market. The scale of operation of the company is large which will minimize the production cost of the company. The operations of the company is diversified which consists of commodities of various types which helps to hedge the risks involved in the market. The company also uses innovative ways to reduce the cost of the supply chain of the organization. the company uses simple integrated metrics in a structured way to make improvement in the productivity. The company continuously measure the performance to make further improvements (Klettner, Clarke and Boersma 2014). The continuous enhancement in the culture and the technology in the organization has helped the organization to lay the foundation for the growth and production. There are lot of complexities associated with the mining industry but the company has made usage of the simple design to monitor the performance. The business model is designed in such way that it will help the organization in all the elements. Therefore, all the essential activities in the organization is monitored on a regular basis to ensure effective use of resources. The supply chain of the organization is very effective and it acts a backbone for the operating model of the organization. The supply chain of the organization helps to streamline of the business model. The organization uses a integrated system for management which helps the organization track, measure and benchmark the performances in to a singl e component. The company sues standard process and common system to step up duplication of the best practices (Chaston 2017). The company spends a lot of capital on the research and development of technology. The continuous improvement in the technology acts as a major catalyst in the growth in the productivity of the organization. The organization in still searching for autonomous ways to reduce the cost and time involved in the operations. The company is focusing on improvement in the technology through innovation, which will help the organization to improve safety, increase the output and minimize the cost of production. Business model innovation at Wesfarmers Wesfarmers has a diversified portfolio, which helps the organization to hedge the risk involved in the market. The use of big data is one of the key to success of the organization and they have huge amount of data on customer information, which provides valuable insights. The big data analysis of the data helps the organization to pick best location for their stores and provides guidance in the marketing campaign of the company. This has helped the organization to gain competitive advantage in the market. Coles insurance is one of the divisions which is not known by the organization and it plays a very important role in the growth of the organization (Sokolov Mladenovi? and ?uzovi? 2015). The company uses competitive marketing strategy to increase the growth and productivity of the organization. Wesfarmers have made a lot of acquisitions which has created value for the organization. The main reason of the success of the organization is due to the diversified portfolio of the company as it able to hedge the risk in the market. The company tries to make usage of innovation to analyze the needs and wants of the consumers. The company uses big data to identify the trends in the market, which will help the organization to identify the most popular products in the retail sector. The company has been able to gain a majority of share in the market and keeps on using long term planning as the basis of their strategy. However, the business model of the organization has been criticized severely because of the decrease in the growth of the organization. However, the company is using the same strategy and business model as it has full confidence that they will be able to bounce and regain the loss share in the market (Nwogugu 2016). The organization uses innovative structure to sustain the leaseback and sale of property so that they can drive the return on capital. The growth of the mining division is less but the deficit is being covered by the growth in the retail. This s hows that diversification of the portfolio is one of the strong suits for the organization. There are lot of experts who feel that the organization needs to change their business model but the CEO of the company has defended their business model and will be using the same business model which has proved to be successful for the organization for so many decades (Beech et al. 2017). References Beech, N., MacIntosh, R., Krust, P., Kannan, S. and Dadich, A., 2017.Managing change. Cambridge University Press. Biddle, I., 2016. The Wesfarmers/Woolworths duopoly war: The Bunnings vs. Masters battle.Busidate,24(3), p.3. Chaston, I., 2017. Entrepreneurship. InTechnological Entrepreneurship(pp. 1-24). Springer International Publishing. Grant, R., Butler, B., Orr, S. and Murray, P.A., 2014.Contemporary strategic management: An Australasian perspective. John Wiley Sons Australia, Ltd.. Klettner, A., Clarke, T. and Boersma, M., 2014. The governance of corporate sustainability: Empirical insights into the development, leadership and implementation of responsible business strategy.Journal of Business Ethics,122(1), pp.145-165. Nwogugu, M.C., 2016. Corporate Governance, Financial Stability and Evolving Insurtech: The Case of Insurance Australia Group (2011-2016). Perrott, B.E., 2015. Building the sustainable organization: an integrated approach.Journal of Business Strategy,36(1), pp.41-51. Sokolov Mladenovi?, S. and ?uzovi?, ?., 2015. FRANCHISING AS THE MODEL OF INTERNATIONALISATION OF RETAILING.TEME: Casopis za Drutvene Nauke,39(1).

Lord Of The Flies 6 Essay Research free essay sample

Lord Of The Fliess 6 Essay, Research Paper Based on the events that occur in William Golding # 8217 ; s The Lord of the Fliess it can be concluded that there are many differences between the two groups that form that finally lead to the devastation of both the groups. After merely a short period of clip, many marks of problem began to look for the isolated kids on the island Eden. The Two leaders that arose out of the group of kids were Ralph and Jack. They are viing for the trueness of the staying male childs on the island. Both of these leaders gained protagonists, and the kids split into two viing groups. On the island there is a great contrast in values, construction, and the life styles of the two groups that finally led to their ain devastation. When the groups were disconnected Jacks group became huntsmans and they developed a ferocious folk with their trueness based on the hate of their opposing group. We will write a custom essay sample on Lord Of The Flies 6 Essay Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Jack forms a relationship with Simon who helps him regulation and it is Simon who realizes early out that the animal all the childs are afraid of is among themselves, created by fright. He is quoted stating, # 8220 ; What I mean is # 8230 ; maybe its lone us. # 8221 ; In Jacks group, authorization is absolute and undisputed, and Jacks physical laterality is reinforced by his protective confederation Simon. Simon assumes the function of, # 8221 ; Mystical visionary and priest by trusting on his ability to show # 8211 ; in ritual signifiers # 8211 ; the crude intuitive urges the male childs all share. # 8221 ; This group easy deteriorates off from civilisation and becomes really barbarian, about like they have lost touch with world and are going more like animate beings than worlds. They all act out on there initial impulses their # 8220 ; id # 8221 ; such as traveling to the bathroom wherever they want, whenever they want alternatively of utilizing the designated countries. The life style of this group can be described as, # 8220 ; an expressed onslaught toward nature and by an progressively unfastened ill will towards outsiders. # 8221 ; This life style is one of barbarians and is an illustration of how Jacks group deteriorated off from civilisation. Jack wanted to govern the whole island so bad he would make anything to acquire it, even if that meant he had to run down and kill the staying members of Ralph s group. The unfastened ill will electron volt entually leads their group into mindless Acts of the Apostless of inhuman treatment and devastation, such as violent death of the Sow, the slaying of Piggy, and the Hunt for Ralph at the terminal of the novel. On the other manus there is Ralph # 8217 ; s group. This group is the antonym of Jack # 8217 ; s group and tries to stay every bit civilized as they can but finally they besides slip off from remaining civilized. Ralph becomes the leader of his group because he has the conch shell and he gathered all the male childs at the beginning of the novel. Ralph and his group survive by conserving their resources and garnering fruits and veggies, alternatively of runing for meat like Jack # 8217 ; s group of barbarians. Ralph and his folk are democratic and Ralph leads by elective consent, unlike Jack who regulations by fright and physical laterality over his equals. Like Jack, nevertheless Ralph forms an close relationship with Piggy an exceeding character whose logical thinking and thought abilities are to a much higher grade than most of the other male childs on the island. Throughout the clip spent on the island Piggy is harassed and made merriment of by Jack and his group, and finally ends up being killed by Jack and his barbarians. When Piggy is killed by Roger and the conch shell is destroyed it marks the devastation of Ralph # 8217 ; s group because that was the lone thing left keeping Ralph s group together. The life style of Ralph s group seems endangered from the beginning, nevertheless for it to work it requires self forfeits, compromising, and cooperation from all of it # 8217 ; s members. Ralph s group wanted there to be peace on the island and have everyone work together so they could all be in a peaceable mode, but Jack wanted no portion of that he wanted to govern everyone and he did whatever he thought was necessary to accomplish that. # 8221 ; This type of societal construction based on benevolent regulation of the governed seems unable to get by efficaciously with the centered self-importance of human nature and in decision is reinforced by the fact that its the # 8220 ; littluns # 8221 ; who seem most susceptible to the riotous inner forces # 8221 ; In Conclusion the male childs that were stranded on the island were much to different to co -exist together. Jacks group had deteriorated off from civilisation so far that no 1 else could be on the island with him on it.

How to Prepare For Your Illinois State Essay Exam

How to Prepare For Your Illinois State Essay ExamMany free, sample essay questions + answers, Illinois Constitution test have been available on the internet. It is a great idea to prepare yourself for your Illinois State exam by using some of the free practice test questions in order to help you pick up all the elements that you need to know in order to pass the test. Many high schools and colleges offer their students the opportunity to take these tests so that they will have a good grasp of the test.These tests are great for preparing yourself to take the final examination at the end of the school year. Most high schools require their students to take an Illinois State exam every year. This can be quite intimidating and a lot of students want to learn how to prepare themselves for the exams. There are several resources that can help them do this, but it is a good idea to do some research in order to find the resources that are right for them.You will probably find a few websites th at offer free essay samples online. They are very helpful because you can take them and use them as a practice test to get a feel for the format that the essay questions will take. The practice test will also help you learn about the types of essay questions that you will encounter.You can also use the online test as a study guide to help you understand all the rules and requirements that you need to know in order to pass the test. Since you are not taking the actual test, it will be much easier for you to study and get good test grades. The test is not for you to take lightly; you must give yourself ample time and preparation in order to pass the test.You should take the test many times before you actually get to take it. You will find that the more practice tests you take, the better prepared you will be for the real test. This will help you find out how much material you need to cover and how long the test will take.Each student has their own personal preferences when it comes to choosing what type of test they will take. Since there are several different types of essays that you will have to write, you will need to spend a considerable amount of time studying the particular type of essay that you will be writing. Your teacher or advisor will likely guide you through choosing the correct test format, essay question and essay answer choices.When you are done with the test, you will need to try to remember everything that you learned from the test. Make sure that you keep in mind the material that you were required to cover and take full advantage of the online resources that are provided to you. The first thing that you need to do is get all the essay sample questions that you used in order to prepare yourself for the test.You will also need to get plenty of practice essays so that you can write a high-quality essay and ace the test. Use the software programs and games that are provided to you to help you get yourself ready for the test. Make sure that you a lso do some additional research and find out about any extra essay topics that are available for students who want to take them.

Ruby Moon free essay sample

How could the personal and social tensions between characters in the plays you have studied be expressed on stage? Australian plays make any normal situation intriguing and unique while exposing Australia’s cultural, social, political and personal issues and concerns. This influences the way in which audiences understand and respond to the subliminal messages that different Australian practitioners use. The playwrights of both Ruby Moon By Mat Cameron and Stolen By Jane Harrison use dramatic forms, performance styles and techniques to establish strong personal and social tensions between characters in both plays. Social issues are anything that effects a large part of society for example, the stolen generation, suburban paranoia, discrimination ect where as personal issues refer to issues that affect an individual in relation to things like grief, loss and identity. The play â€Å"Ruby Moon† by Matt Cameron explores strong issues and fears that have accumulated throughout post modern and modern society today. We will write a custom essay sample on Ruby Moon or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Cameron creates a sense of loss and grief by using the story of a young girl called ruby who goes missing on her way to her grandmas. Cameron purposefully makes all the characters in the play who are involved in the mystery of the girl are dysfunctional and the play ends up making no logical sense but still elicits a range of emotions from the audience. Although the play may not make logical sense Cameron uses several dramatic techniques that convey issues that individuals may face in everyday life, namely the issues of grief and loss and how these emotions can be dealt with this is especially clear between the characters of Ray and Sylvie as the dialogue and positioning between the characters is quite cold and distant for example when Ray waits for a kiss ‘that never comes’ and they ‘stare cold at each other’ these stage directions are created by Cameron to establish the strong tension between both the characters which suggests that the way in which they are dealing with these personal concerns are not rational. The social issue of suburban paranoia is a strong point that Cameron establishes in his play. The play is designed to be dark, creepy and absurd this creates a certain tension between the characters on stage and then also with the audience and the characters. It creates a sense of uncertainty, the characters don’t trust their neighbours and we as an audience can’t even trust the actors on stage. I found this became apparent with Dulcie who is an elderly spinster with a parrot, we are quickly shown that she is slightly senile and this bird that she has conversations with may in fact be imaginary. The audience does not know what to believe which then relates back to the idea of suburban paranoia. Australia’s obsession with child abductions is the foundation for one of ruby moons central ideas, and raises the question â€Å"do you really know your neighbour? † is mainly established when Ray says† we told her never to trust a stranger†. The disappearance of Ruby shows the tension that has unfolded between the relationships of Ray, Sylvie and the community. The mystery of the missing child begins to turn all the characters on the street against each other and the lack of trust becomes more apparent, but the strained relationship between Ray and Sylvie becomes more and more over whelming as the story goes on. The last scene has Sylvie and Ray begin to question each other about the disappearance of their child. Speeding this scene up and using different tones as well as dialogue used helps the audience to understand the personal issue of failing to even be able to trust your loved ones in some circumstances. Cameron also establishes wider social tensions like living in fear of society and the fear of this changing society of how things used to be compared to how they are now and no longer feeling safe with children walking and playing on the streets at night. One of the many other techniques Matt Cameron uses in this play is the use of a timeless and placeless setting designed for the play. This is created by the fact that there is nondescript furniture and props that could be found in any suburban house, there is a lack of posters and pictures and there is no technology like television or computers that could date the production. The furniture used is described to be old and presumably covered in dust to symbolise the feeling of evoking memories. This symbolisation is important as it expands on the personal issues like grief and lost which are dealt with throughout the play. Cameron aims to engage the audience fully, making them see the relevance of the issues being portrayed on stage in the hope that the audience would watch the play and think of all the past and present missing children.

DESCRIBE THE WORKINGS OF THE ICJ AND AssESS ITS EF Essays

DESCRIBE THE WORKINGS OF THE ICJ AND AssESS ITS EF Essays DESCRIBE THE WORKINGS OF THE ICJ AND AssESS ITS EFFECTIVENESS. The International Court Of Justice (ICJ) is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations, which succeeded the Permanent court of International Justice after World War Two. It gains its legitimacy from Article 92 of the UN Charter which allows it to function " in accordance with the annexed Statute, which is based upon the Statute of the Permanent Court of International Justice and forms an integral part of the present Charter". By Article 93 all members of the UN are ipso-facto members of the Statute and that states not members may become parties, on conditions to be determined in each case by the UN General Assembly on recommendation of the Security Council. Therefore allowing countries such as Switzerland and San Marino, though not members of the UN, to be parties to the Statute of the Court. The court consist of 15 judges, no two of whom may be Nationals of the same state, elected by the General assembly and the Security Council. They are elected for 9 years and are eligible for reelections. The seat of the court is in Hague, Holland, but it may hold sessions elsewhere whenever it considers desirable. It is a continuing body. The Statute provides that it is permanently in session except during judicial vacations. It is also an autonomous body. It elects its president and vice- president, appoints its registrar, and provides for the appointment of other officers and clerical staff. Its function is to pass judgement on disputes between states, as such only states may bring their cases before the court. It is open to all states that are party to the statute and those who agree to the conditions laid down by the SC. The proceedings of the court are carried out in French and English; either may be used by the parties. Written pleading and oral presentations presented in one language are translated into the other. The judgements and opinions are both in French and English. Cases are brought before the court either by the notification to it of a special agreement concluded by the parties or by the unilateral action of one of them through a written appeal to the registrar. Its proceedings are in two parts, written and oral. The Court may also hear witnesses and appoint commissions of experts to make investigations and reports when necessary. These procedures were used in the Corfu Channel, Temple of Preah Vihear and in South West Africa(1966). The deliberation of the court are held in private, but the judgements , which are by majority vote, are read in open court. In the case of a tie, the President may cast a deciding vote; this was done in the South West Africa Case where a 7-7 vote was cast. Any judge may file a separate opinion if he does not agree in whole or part with the judgement. The decision of the court is final and without appeal. Although the ICJ has no enforcement powers, Article 94 of the Charter incorporates an undertaking on the part of each member of the UN "to comply with the decision of the ... court...in any case to which it is a party" and a further provision that: IF any party to a case fails to perform the obligations incumbent upon it under a judgement rendered by the court, the other party may have recourse to the Security Council, which may, if it deem necessary, make recommendations or decide upon measures to be taken to give effect to the judgement. The court is authorised by Article 65 of the Statute to give advisory opinions on any legal questions at the request of whatever body may be authorised by or in accordance with the UN Charter to make such a request. Article 96 of the Charter provides that such opinions may be requested by the General Assembly or the SC and by other organs of the UN and specialized agencies, when authorised by the GA. Such requests must be made by means of a written request containing an exact statement of the questions, accompanied by all documents likely to shed light upon them. >From this point on, the procedure before the court is somewhat analogous to contentious cases. In its role as and advisory body, the court has given some important opinions with regard to the costs of peacekeeping, which could be reckoned as normal expenses. It also gave opinions concerning admissions into the UN. Because of the ICJ's limited powers,

Sustainability Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Sustainability Marketing - Essay Example While economic pressures govern organisational strategies, their social responsibilities have also assumed increased significance. Widespread focus and attention on the issues of corporate social responsibilities and sustainable growth aspects have shaped new governance policies and practices. Such perspectives define the role organisations can play in creating responsible economic, environmental and social well-being of the communities they impact or serve. Several studies and observations made in this context have sparked debates on whether the marketing practices today are suited to an age characterised by environmental deterioration, scarcity of resources, expanding population and growing income disparities. Recent frameworks in this context are shaping innovative marketing practices that are founded on the principles of sustainability. A number of research studies have focused on explaining and exploring the concepts of sustainable marketing. This paper provides a deeper insight into the observations and conclusions provided by these studies and how it has contributed to the evolution of the concept of sustainable marketing practices. ... ion on Environment and Development’s report sustainable development is defined as the â€Å"development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs† (World Bank Group website, 2001). Sustainable development relates to the ability of the organisations to balance the social, economic and environmental objectives. While economic objectives refer to industrial growth, individual needs, community requirements, and services social objectives refer to community empowerment, social mobility, cultural preservation, and equality. These needs and objectives should balance the environmental needs that encompass biodiversity, natural resources, ecosystem, pollution free air and water (Vagasi, 2004). Sustainable marketing remains an ambiguous term considering the paucity of extensive research in this area. Chen et al. (2009) define sustainable marketing as â€Å"the establishment, maintenance and enhancement of c ustomer relationships in order that the objectives of the parties involved are met without compromising the ability of future generations to achieve their own objectives† (p88). The essence of this definition can be related to the principles of sustainable development that are being incorporated by organisations across all disciplines for improved social and ethical business practices. The whole concept of green marketing or sustainable marketing is based on the principle of respecting the environment and considering social benefits as a distinctive part of the goods or services being sold in the market (Kotler et al., 2010). The essence of sustainable marketing practices is visible in various stages of product development, modification of existing products, changes in the production process,

KU library Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

KU library - Essay Example This paper seeks to pinpoint how the practices of variance control and setting of high-performance standards may result in ethical issues given that both have served as sources of accounting information and tools for management control systems. Fluctuations in variances such as cost, production and price need to be controlled since these have a direct effect on the product or service quality attained. Cost control entails the identification of the standard cost of output attained (Malmi & Brown, 2008). Ethical issues arise when cost control is not achieved through the comparison of the total standard cost with total actual cost; hence, needs to be traced to the responsible managers and tasked for the outcome of the failed cost controls. Whenever there are huge deviations between the costs aspects, quality of products or services offered will be affected since the management may tend to vary the prices charged too (Kaynak, 2003). Maintenance of high-performance standards may result in ethical issues in that it would result in the production of high-quality goods and services. However, this may be at a high cost, which in return may result in raising of prices that may subject the management to ethical wars by quality control bodies and consumer confederations. In the process, managers will be required to provide accurate representations of the production and quality processes. This will be in consideration of the application of variances as accounting information for the management control tool (Malmi & Brown,

Broadcasting of the BBC Documentary The Secret Policeman Essay Example for Free

Broadcasting of the BBC Documentary The Secret Policeman Essay On Tuesday 21st October 2003, the BBCs documentary The Secret Policeman was broadcast to approximately 5 million viewers in Britain. Mark Daly, an undercover reporter had spent seven months posing as a fellow trainee at the Bruche National Training Centre in Cheshire to film an exposà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ on racism among police recruits. The film not only provided evidence of police racism but also highlighted the stereotypical representations of Black identity within Western ideology. In this essay I propose to investigate how the British medias representation of Blacks has, rather than reflecting reality, constructed it. My research predominantly focuses on evidence gathered from racial reports and theories of the 1980s until the present day and examines the development, if any, within race representation in the media. Pre-1980s case studies are generally omitted because of the rapid development of discussion of racial issues as a reaction to the brutal riots of that decade. Additionally, the institutional and individual stereotyping revealed within The Secret Policeman can be directly related to prevalent issues specifically within the media of the previous two decades. Controversially, I ultimately aim to depict The Secret Policeman as a symbol of advancement in Black representation within Britain. The use of the term Black bastard and Nigger isnt racist The Secret Policemans inclusion of a clip of racist remarks by the Police Federations Representative in 1983 is an accurate reflection of the racial turmoil that Britains Institutions and communities were in. Black lawlessness was an image that dominated the Press reporting on riots from 1980 85. A predominantly Black riot against at Bristols police force in 1980 was followed by further confrontational outbreaks in 1981. The first two years of riots gained Britains (particularly young) West Indian community the reputation for being notorious for muggings, assaults and murders2 but nonetheless presented a slight initial interest into the awareness of the underlying causes. The scale of Britains urban unrest between these years varied considerably but the sequence of violence after 1980 forced the political agenda to include an examination of the origins of the protests. The Press employed Brixton (1981) to highlight the need for enhanced Government economic policies; As we condemn th e senseless terror we also condemn the deep seated social problemswhich spawned them. From 1983 to 1985 Britains poor and predominantly West Indian and Asian neighbourhoods experienced social disturbances, as was the case in 1981. Once more, the media endorsed the riots as the criminal acts of black, inner-city youths but this time they were not linked to ethnic inequality, oppression or socio-economic frustration but only to the Blacks position in society and their undermining of the law and cultural traditions of the minority communities themselves. The British presss reaction to the prominence of riots particularly during 1985 was to decline both generally to examine the reasons for them and specifically to consider ethnical inequality as a cause. Subjects of immigration, housing, employment, social facilities and race relations within the civic authorities that were central to the causes of the urban violence, were abandoned for crude simplifications that represented Blacks as the sole initiators of the violence. The criminal identity with which the media had labe lled Blacks was not wholly fictitious. Anecdotal evidence of provocative quotes and repetition of unreliable stories would always operate within a dominant regime of truth4. Crimes involving Blacks were given disproportionate coverage that suggested a behavioural generalisation that would never be suggested of Whites. Stereotyping was not the only form of racism; more covertly the press would exclude or misconstrue statistics such as those that showed Blacks to be twice as likely to be out of work as their counterparts. The coverage of Tottenhams 1985 riot gave less publicity to the death of a lack woman than the ensuing disturbances in which a police constable was murdered. The policemans role as a victim totally overshadowed the mourning of the aggressor that the Black fatality was consigned to. The perspective within which coloured people are presented as ordinary members of society has become increasingly overshadowed by a news perspective in which they are presented as a problem. Teun. A. Van Dijk was highly influenced by Hartmann and Husbands early study of racism in the press which concluded the above labelling of Blacks. According to Van Dijk the riots were topicalized in a style recognisable across the entire media front; the event, the causes and the consequences. Contrary to using these journalistic traits to investigate all areas of the riots, Britains media manipulated it as a means of reporting on selective data. The event was described as the attacks of mobs of black youths; in order to maintain the stimulus once the disturbance was over the primary definition of the cause of the riots was in terms of Black criminality in preference to the inner city conditions. Finally, the exoneration of Institutional Britain was enabled through the reports focus into future containment, policing and inquiries. The report pattern of Black mob, Black crime and Black prevention was typical of a whole generations instinctive approach to Black Britain. The medias resp onse to the 1980s riots created and regurgitated images of Black male criminals. Blacks in non-race stories were not considered newsworthy. Encouragingly by the 1980s Black was on the political agenda; however by 1985 it had been relegated from the social issue some commentators had perceived, via a social problem to a social evil. If the medias hegemonic reports and editorials in the 1980s were classed as a barely disguised belief in White supremacy, The Secret Policeman strangely that that attitude to Blacks is as strong today as ever it was then. Im a firm believer that Pakis create racism. Most Asians carry knives. The thing in London is, the majority of street robbery is Black In 1982 the Commission for Racial Equality published the first code of practice on eliminating discrimination and promoting equal opportunities, which was speedily identified by a Daily Telegraph editorial as bossy nonsense. Arguably the code of practice was counter-productive. Attacks on anti-racist and equal rights movements were at their height during the period of 1983 to 1986, when Black became Britains pretext for social disturbances. Resistance towards such movements was accused of stirring racial tension through excessive political correctness. For much of the press, racism was a manufactured problem of the anti-racist left, found in social science research programmes, anti-racist projects and multi-cultural education. The anti-racist social learning process created accusations of anti-English indoctrination thus posing a threat to White elitism, dominance and control. Thatchers Institutionally right-wing Britain defined itself as a protagonist of the attacks from the left th at they believed favoured special treatment of multicultural Britain. Significantly, the immediate Government response to The Secret Policeman undercover investigation was given by the home secretary David Blunkett, who criticised the BBC for their intent to create, not report, a storyas a covert stunt to get attention According to the Guardians most recent statistics, ethnic minorities make up 9% of the UKs population. In more urban areas such as Greater Manchester where The Secret Policeman was filmed, this percentage is believed to reach figures as high as 30%. However, the documentary showed Warrington police training base to consist of 118 white and one Asian recruit. Notably, Black people in are massively under-represented in Parliament. New Western societies still show many forms of institutional and everyday discrimination that David Blunkett arguably hoped to dismiss with a similar response to the 1980s critical analysis of racist exposs. Over a month before The Secret Policeman was broadcast, John Gieve, the permanent Secretary at the Home Office wrote to the BBC a letter that they described as unprecedented pressure to bully them into withdrawing the programme. The chief constable of Greater Manchester Police also intimidated the BBC with the threat of a Hutton-style inquiry that could d estroy the BBCs relationship with the police. Mark Dalys work within the police force was cut short when arrested on suspicion of deception and damaging police property; charges were dropped when embarrassingly for the police, the public were informed of the institutional racism. The Observer newspaper considered the Whitehall and police resistance worthy of its front-page headline Home Office tried to axe BBC police race expos. Headlines are carefully devised as a pithy synopsis of the story. They quickly impart knowledge in a way which facilitates both understanding and recall. The headlines of news reports about ethnic affairs summarize events that the medias white academics, teachers, writers and political activists define as relevant to white and black readers interests. The medias manipulation of headlines dramatized the 1980s anti-racism only to emphasise the Western ideology of Black negativity. For example the Telegraphs conspicuous headline bossy nonsense clearly established the tedium felt by the author towards the issue of tackling racism. The Observers recent negative portrayal of institutional antagonists of anti-racism reveals a positive shift from the medias earlier resentment towards the anti-racist movements. So what is the ideological impli cation of the shift from 1980s resentment to the Observers stance? How is the exposure of racism in todays society a sign of improved race-relations? Who is to blame for todays existing racism? Is it the BBCs fault this has happened? BBC Radio One questioned both the responsibility of the police and the media in the revelation of The Secret Policeman. Radio One criticised the constable of North Wales for his reference to the hysteria related to terrorism, extremist Muslims and asylum as the rationale for increased racist views. Blaming society, it commented, was no option for police professionals who should concentrate on training and challenge prejudice15. Is the BBCs accusation equitable or is pardoning society a means of pardoning the media to ultimately pardon itself? How we are seen determines in part how we are treated; how we treat others is based on how we see them; such seeing comes from representation.16 Traditionally founded on Reithian ideas of independence, access and expression, the BBC aimed to inform, educate and entertain the masses. The BBC devised itself an identity as the national cultural institution that would represent Britains public through Britains voice. In a statement following the arrest of Mark Daly, the BBC reflected the all-purpose mission they were founded upon: We believe this to be a matter of significant public interest17. The BBC, in essence, the media, is a powerful realm of social whiteness that manipulates the patterns of inter-elite communication. The ethnic minorities in Britain even today remain concentrated in relatively few areas. As a result huge numbers of the White majority rely almost exclusively on the media for knowledge of issues concerning their Black counterparts. The formations and continuance of White attitudes are therefore highly reliant upon the medias portrayal of race-relations; most frequently found in the news. The news is an every day routine structure, and in literal terms can be defined as a classical realist text. However, Nichols recognises that the reality of news takes precedence over the news of reality18, thus enabling it to empower, or dis-empower its subject. In these terms the subject is Black and the empowerment is integral to the serious issue of Black nationhood and identity. When reality is represented, its former unequivocal status becomes ambiguous; news is static but its context is not. For example, patterns of race reporting can attach themselves to the wider subjects of Black British existence, a procedure that Sarita Malik terms leitmotif. During the 1980s riots, the Black identity was frequently referred to in terms of former race-related violence. Leitmotifs thus manipulated the reality to familiarise the White-eye with often-unrelated parables of Black anger that consequently created a distorted mis-information about the original conflict. In contrast, representing reality can be equal ly deceitful through a negation of context. The news according to Malik is best at representing what and why but regularly fails to recognise the socio-political reasoning behind it. In terms of race relations of the last two decades Britains media tends to focus excessively on the wider context of Black struggle yet too seldom on the social context that fuels this struggle. The BBCs decision to resist Governmental and Federal pressures and broadcast The Secret Policeman implied a positive shift in its allegiance to the White ruling classes. Although this documentary was yet another portrayal of the problem-orientated Black, uniquely the revolting19 and Appalling, racist revelations20 were more optimistically acknowledged as White. The television documentary is based on questions of identity that engage with the construction of relationships between subject, audience and the camera or narrator. The cinematography is used as a tool of authority in which the spectator is lured into believing they are a observing a record of untouched and immediate reality. But reality, as clarified previously, can be more ambiguous than anticipated. In fact, the illusion that a documentary allows the subject to speak for itself without moralising or judging is, like the news, a powerful status to possess. Documentaries are the most likely genre to directly address socio-political affairs and on the rare occasion of the medias attention to multicultural development it is most probable they will be used. Unfortunately, documentaries of the 1950s were emotive, sentimental and practically vague and similarly. The 1960s gave little hope for a genre increasingly lacking in sensitivity and awareness towards the Black subject. In contrast to the pathos of the 1950s White pity toward Blacks, the 1960s employed tones of hostility, fear and conflict. Thus, the erratic history of the socialist documentary was influential and manipulative towards the enhancement of Governmental attacks that ran adjacent to the anti-racist campaigns of the 1980s. The development of light and cheap video recording equipment has made the video diary an accessible and extremely popular style of documentary since the late 1990s; a development that enabled the BBC to produce The Secret Policeman. Improved camera technology initiated independent film-making and in effect greater social analysis during the 1990s, but this was not the only continuity in televisions social eye. Governmental, cultural and economic forces were evolving towards todays individualistic, consumerist and multicultural society; television had to ke ep pace. The documentary shifted from social generalisations to pluralism and for the first time society was eclipsed by individualism and lifestyle. Although the 1990s showed much resistance to an increasingly cross-cultural and mixed-race Britain, the definition of society and Britishness undoubtedly required re-examination. Isnt it good how memories dont fade? He [Steven Lawrence] fucking deserved it and his mum and dad are a fucking pair of spongers. PC Rob Pullings acclamation of the murderers and derision of the family of black student Steven Lawrence shocked viewers of The Secret Policeman. Lawrences mother was particularly disheartened, stating, that, after all this time, people still held those views.22 The stereotyping of Black people as spongers or scroungers is one that was upheld and confirmed during the rioting period of the 1980s. The Diasporas posed a threat to Britain as a consequence of its deficiency in resources and increasing immigration numbers. In 1968 Enoch Powell suggested a much favoured but conclusively rejected topic relatable to Thatchers new 1980s, right wing government; that of repatriation. Repatriation essentially warned Blacks to behave or go home. Powell returned to his theme in the wake of the 1985 Handsworth riots to create a climate of racist opinion. Immigration had become among the most prominent Press subjects, during which, one tabloid claimed that immigrants cost the taxpayer billions of pou nds. Black people were constituted as the welfare states problem that added to taxation through an exploitation of the White supremacist welfare state. In 1984, the News of the World printed the headline à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½476 a week for waiter Abdul. The Daily Mail picked up on this story, printing a day later; Jobless Abdullife of luxury in hotelsat the taxpayers expense.24 The actuality of this story is that the 476 payment that was referred to was an inclusive sum covering the cost of housing Abdul, his wife and his six children. More interestingly, Abdul Bari was a British citizen. In 1999, six years after the Lawrence incident, Sir William Macpherson undertook a high profile investigation into the racism and discrimination in the Metropolitan Police Force.His Report coined the phrase institutional racism. This triggered discussions of discrimination within Britains leading institutions: the police, the media, the education system and the government. Following the Lawrence enquiry huge numbers of police were forced to undertake intensive training in racial equality and similar, revised programmes are ongoing today. One police force in Britain sent 40 000 employees on race training days within the last year, but Pullings overt racism raises questions of the efficacy of the Home Offices current strategy of challenging prejudice. In the concluding chapter of her book Representing Black in Britain, Sarita Malik makes a discouragingly negative, albeit honest assertion that the accepted sentiment that racist Britain is in decline is somewhat false. By this, she suggests that racism in the media, as in other public sectors, has merely been concealed. Malik proposed that truthful representations could emerge only through more diverse, aesthetically innovative and accurate portrayals of Blacks. More relevantly to The Secret Policeman, Malik highlighted the need for a rethink of the constituent parts that compose Britains media: resources, employment and ultimately its national heritage. Whilst the number of Blacks and ethnic minorities on British television has increased dramatically particularly in urban based soaps such as Holby City and Eastenders the production teams and editors continue to favour Whites. My premise that The Secret Policemen established an interesting relationship with the development of Brit ish media was formed whilst listening to a Radio Four news programme. It suggested that The Secret Policeman provided hard evidence that racism had gone underground. The programme concluded that although the police understood the shoulds and shouldnts of racial procedures, impartiality was never entrenched in their hearts and minds. Consistently with my research, the social learning process of the media has potentially played a huge role in PC Pullings racist prejudices and discrimination. Racism is not innate after all; it is learned. So how is it that I feel confident to propose The Secret Policeman as evidence of enhanced race-relations within the media? The role of the media is not isolated, but connected in numerous ways to the elites in general; this time it stood alone. The BBC assumed the role of the anti-racist and confronted the majority. The Secret Policeman exposed to huge public numbers, the long-standing stereotypes of the ruling-race and gave scope for investigating the origins of such beliefs. More positively the documentary received instant and drastic responses from both the public and the institutions. The Home Office immediately introduced plans for new police integrity tests and understood the need for societal change. The medias willingness to scrutinise and criticise the racism revealed in The Secret Policeman marked a complete reversal from the attacks on anti-racism evident in the 1980s. The Secret Policeman has served a distinctive purpose. It has illustrated what has long been apparent but too rarely admitted; White power is dangerously flawed. BIBLIOGRAPHY Ferguson, Robert. Representing Race, 1998. Arnold: London Gordon, Paul Rosenberg, David. The Press and black people in Britain, 1989. Runnymede Trust: Nottingham Malik, Sarita. Representing Black in Britain, 2002. Sage: London Solomos, John. Race and Racism in Contemporary Britain, 1989. Macmillan: London Troyna, Barry. Public awareness and the media, 1981. Commission for Racial Equality: London Van Dijk, Tuen A. Racism and the Press, 1991. Routledge: London and New York