Balloon Powered Car free essay sample

Maria Chriscia Y. Andres 10-SCA Title: The Balloon Powered Car Racer Background of the Study: Sir Isaac Newton created three laws of movement in 1665 when he was just 23 years of age. These laws changed how science clarified development by depicting how the powers following up on an article are liable for the object’s movement. Inflatable controlled vehicle racer is driven via air originating from a collapsing inflatable. As an option of utilizing power, these vehicles utilize the Law of Action and Reaction (Newton’s Third Law of Motion). The vehicle is impelled forward, because of the air originating from a swelled inflatable. The getting away from air is the activity, a power that demonstrations towards the other way. What's more, this is the motivation behind why the inflatable controlled vehicle racer is being pushed forward. The development of the vehicle the other way is the thing that we called the response. Proclamation of the Problem: * The size of the inflatable influences the speed of the vehicle. We will compose a custom paper test on Inflatable Powered Car or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page * The structure of the vehicle influences its speed. * The heaviness of the vehicle influences its speed. Definition of Hypothesis: I theorize that the size of inflatable, structure and weight of the vehicle has an immediate connection with the speed. At the end of the day the development of the vehicle is subject to the size of the inflatable, while the structure and weight of the vehicle is another factor to obtain a quick and angry speed. Essentialness of the Study: these days of steady danger to our condition, there are different methods of decreasing air contamination and vitality utilization is being investigated. Vehicles whose outflows are a piece of the elements that add to air contamination, are being altered to be greater condition inviting. In any case, these vehicles are costly to deliver. Larger part of the populace, particularly here in the Philippines, can't manage the cost of a profoundly vitality proficient and condition inviting vehicle. Likewise, issues like the removal of huge amounts of electric vehicle batteries will emerge. This examination intends to address this issue by researching the boundaries that influence the proficiency of inflatable controlled vehicle racers. Definition’s term: * Efficient gainful of wanted effects;â especiallyâ :â productive without squander * Emissions placing into course. * Deflating to discharge air or gas from. to decrease in size, significance, or viability. * Inflated stretched with air or gas. extended to an anomalous or unmerited volume or level. being empty and extended or stretched. * Propelled to drive forward or ahead by or as though by methods for a power that grants movement. * Parameters any of a lot of physical properties whose qualities decide the attributes or conduct of something. a self-assertive ste ady whose worth portrays an individual from a framework (as a group of curves);â alsoâ :â a amount (as a mean or fluctuation) that depicts a measurable populace. * Revolutionized to change on a very basic level or totally.

Ten Facts About Port au Prince, Haiti

Ten Facts About Port au Prince, Haiti Port au Prince (map) is the capital and biggest city dependent on populace in Haiti, a generally little nation that imparts the island of Hispaniola to the Dominican Republic. It is situated on the Gulf of Gonã ¢ve on the Caribbean Sea and spreads a region of about 15 square miles (38 sq km). The metro district of Port au Prince is thick with a populace of more than 2,000,000 yet like the remainder of Haiti, most of the populace in Port au Prince is very poor despite the fact that there are some wealthier zones inside the city. Coming up next is a rundown of the ten most significant things to think about Port au Prince: 1) Most as of late, quite a bit of Haitis capital city was demolished in a cataclysmic size 7.0 tremor which hit close to Port au Prince on January 12, 2010. The loss of life in the seismic tremor was in the thousands and the majority of Port au Princes focal architecturally significant area, its capital structure, the parliament working, just as other city foundation, for example, emergency clinics were decimated. 2) The city of Port au Prince was authoritatively consolidated in 1749 and in 1770 it supplanted Cap-Franã §ais as the capital of the French settlement of Saint-Domingue. 3) Modern-day Port au Prince is situated on a characteristic harbor on the Gulf of Gonã ¢ve which has permitted it to support more financial action than different territories of Haiti.4) Port au Prince is Haitis monetary center point as it is a fare place. The most widely recognized fares leaving Haiti through Port au Prince are espresso and sugar. Food handling is additionally basic in Port au Prince. 5) The number of inhabitants in Port au Prince is hard to precisely decide on account of an enormous nearness of ghettos in the slopes nearby the city. 6) Although Port au Prince is thickly populated the citys format is separated as business regions are close to the water, while local locations are in the slopes close to the business regions. 7) Port au Prince is isolated into independent areas that are controlled by their own neighborhood city hall leaders who are under the ward of the whole citys general chairman. 8) Port au Prince is viewed as the instructive center of Haiti as it has a few distinctive instructive organizations which run from huge colleges to littler professional schools. The State University of Haiti is additionally situated in Port au Prince. 9) Culture is a significant part of Port au Prince exhibition halls including ancient rarities from voyagers like Christopher Columbus and noteworthy structures. A large number of these structures, in any case, were harmed in the January 12, 2010 seismic tremor. 10) Recently, the travel industry has become a significant piece of Port au Princes economy, anyway most vacationer movement centers around the citys notable locale and wealthy zones. Reference Wikipedia. (2010, April 6). Port-au-Prince - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Recovered from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port-au-Prince

Gustave Caillebottes The Orange Trees essays

Gustave Caillebottes The Orange Trees articles The work picked for assessment in this article is Gustave Caillebottes 1878 oil on canvas painting titled The Orange Trees, a 61 x 46 work in which two focal human figures are situated in a proper nursery in which orange trees are planted in etched boxes. The male figure in the frontal area is the specialists sibling, Marital; he wears a straw cap and purple shoes and is delineated perusing a paper or magazine, his back to the craftsman, and his head twisted around the understanding material. Out of sight is the specialists cousin, Zoe, who wears a striped dress and red boots and who is twisting around one of the confined orange trees a proper nursery. Additionally present in the image are formal, created iron nursery seats and a winding way encompassed by formal plantings. As per the Museum of Fine Arts of Houston (MFAH) Web webpage (1), Capturing the particular light impacts of early afternoon, Gustave Caillebotte contrasts the cool shades of shade with the amazing, straightening impacts of direct daylight. The work of art by Caillebotte utilizes a corner to corner line moving from the lower left half of the canvas as one perspectives it to the upper right side, making a genuinely geometric shape that is by the by natural in its stream (a component made conceivable by the winding way that travels through the nursery, adjusted by a fix of splendidly hued blossoms). The surface is run of the mill of the Impressionists, utilizing rotating patches of profundity and surface paint to make varieties in tone and in the transaction of light and shadow. Equalization is accomplished through an unbalanced arrangement of the two human figures and the winding way, compared against the darker boxed orange trees. The point of convergence at the forefront of the work of art is the specialists situated sibling; the point of convergence in the back is the craftsmen standing cousin, yet the bending way makes development from the base to the highest point of the canvas. This bend likewise stress ... <!

Julia Child: Master Chef and TV Star Essay -- Biographies Cooking Pape

Julia Child: Master Chef and TV Star O Julia, Julia, Cook and clever vixen, Whose top notch quenelles and hot soufflã ©s, Whose English, Norse and German, and whose French, Are all past my forlorn forces to commend Whose pleasantly adjusted base and whose legs, Whose thoughtful face, whose nature mild, Are just approached by her fried eggs: Acknowledge from me, your ever-cherishing mate, This approval formed in fourteen lines Whose inward truth gives a false representation of its external sight; For never were there nourishments, nor were there wines, Whose flavor rises to yours for sheer pleasure. O tasty dish! O gustatory delight! You fulfill my taste-buds incomprehensible. - Paul Child Julia Child is an inventive virtuoso who changed the culinary world with her enthusiastic character and fine cooking aptitudes. She is a fine case of the zeal olfactory knowledge with unique accents of visual spatial and relational intelligence’s. There were numerous cooks that could fall in this insight class, including Escoffier, Beard, and Farmer . I picked Julia in light of the fact that she is a lady who kicked off something new in the realm of cooking. She enabled America by urging them to prepare and appreciate food. The zeal olfactory knowledge is actually a matter of taste and smell. An energy olfactory clever individual can make a particular taste, to make their own augmentations to plans, and to carry something new to the sense called taste. Youth and Heritage Julia Carolyn McWilliams was conceived in Pasadena, California, on August 15, 1921 to her glad guardians John and Caro McWilliams. Caro, as she was called, was a lively lady who needed to see the world before settling down. At the point when she at long last wedded John McWilliams she kept up her autonomous free s... ...also, mind. As Gardner expected it required some investment and consistent work at her order to ace it. Julia Child push off in new ways never investigated. She took on the conflict of being a lady in a male ruled field and world, along her way. She found the devices and the norm of her field unacceptable and started deal with another perspective about food. Julia, be that as it may, didn't follow Gardner’s idea of Faustian deal, but instead had great relational connections. Julia’s imaginative virtuoso permitted her to prevail in a basic world. Reference index Youngster, Julia. The Way To Cook. Knopf Inc. Canada, 1989. Cooper, Ann. A woman’s Place is in the Kitchen. Reinhold, 1998. Fitch, Noel Riley. Craving For Life. Doubleday, NY. 1997. Web sources: www.sallys-place.com www.foodwine.com www.iacp-online.org www.unknown.nu/Julia/

Danone and Sutas free essay sample

Danone and Sutas Brand Description Danone is one of the greatest dairy corporate gatherings on the planet and has a broad arrangement of brands and items. Brand thought In the dairy items area in Turkey, both organization has a legitimate brand picture. The brand thought of both organization center to the characteristic items. Danone shows this with â€Å"Bringing wellbeing trough nourishment to the same number of individuals as possible†. Then again, Sutas guards this thought with â€Å"Following us, take you to goodness and regular flavor. †. Both organization endeavors to help the primary thought of the brands. Danone bolsters the association to improve the milk providers and ranchers and to increase milk creation expectations to the European levels, for example, ‘Farmer Improvement Programs’, ‘Healthy my milk, support my villages’. Then again, Sutas underpins the flexibly chain approach which is based of all out quality administration arranged business forms, to guarantee the necessities of the idea of from grass to table. So the fundamental creation framework depends on ‘Food Safety Management System’. At the point when we take a gander at the two organizations, we can say that Danone keeps universal business measures to keep up its image thought. Plus, Sutas attempts to protect the name of the supplier of new and day by day milk supplier proceeded for a long time by customary ways. Brand Image Danone is a global dairy maker organization. When addressed on Danone’s brand picture in any nation, Danone items sold, buyers are bound to answer ‘healthy’ and ‘pleasure’. In Turkey, shoppers bound to answer ‘high quality’, ‘healthy’, ‘foreign company’, ‘probiotic products’ and ‘pleasure’. Be that as it may, the news distributed in Romaine about the Danone items containing cancer-causing substances influenced the brand picture of the brand bad. Furthermore the legislative issues about Israel changed the considerations of certain customers on the brand. As a finish of these circumstances, inverse brand picture is happened as a ‘pro-war’ and ‘unhealthy’ on the consumers’ mind. Then again, when addressed on Sutas’s brand picture, the vast majority of the clients answer ‘fresh and day by day milk’, ‘healthy’, ‘natural’ and ‘clean production’. This shows Sutas could accomplish to make a brand picture corresponding to its image thought. Brand Awareness and Connection with Consumers * Brand mindfulness and Brand sentiments As the two generally well known of dairy items segment Danone and Sutas consistently take attractions of the purchasers on the racks. Turkeys milkman by purchasers. This brand picture brings to organization high brand awarness in the business sectors. Particularly Sutass day by day drains pulls in purchasers in the racks. At the point when we take a gander at the market examines, piece of the overall industry of Sutas still increments. In 2009, the all out piece of the overall industry of Sutas was 15. 6 percent,in 2010 it was 17,5 and in 2011, it was 20,4 and in 2012, it expanded to 23,6. Then again, Danone has been serving from 1998. At the point when we take a gander at Danone brand mindfulness, we can see Danone’s effective brand mindfulness works. For example, Danino’s crusade ‘Discover the Animals’. This battle took the IAB Mixx Awards Europe in 2012 as the best brand mindfulness and situating effort. The â€Å"Discover the Animals† application has been utilized by 2 million distinct clients. It increased more than 180,000 individuals who encountered the Danino’s site page. In excess of 500,000 magnets were sold and this number compares to 3 million Danino item deals all around Turkey. Furthermore, Danone Activia battle brings a high item and brand attention to the organization. At the first run through, the item was propelled to the market; brand picture among shoppers was occured as an old person’s yogurt for upset stomachs. A system group of Danone attempted to build up a brand position and correspondence procedure that moved Activia yogurt to a consistently on and effectively working yogurt that keeps you, your best †Not only a probiotic answer for stomach throbs. Piece of the overall industry of Danone expanded across 10 percent with this 10 million dollar work. Likewise Sutas propelled Yovita, probiotic item to the market to take an offer from 20 million dollar probiotic division which establishes 4.6% of the dairy items area. Nonetheless, Danone’s Activia has been adored by ladies more than Yovita so we can see that Activia’s piece of the overall industry is 55 percent and Yovita’s 45 percent. Most shoppers believe that Sutas’s Yovita is a devotee of Activia in probiotic division. Then again, in day by day or sanitized milk items, most shoppers believe that Sutas substantially more characteristic and sound contrast with the Danone. In any case, with the expansion in the quantity of dairy items maker, a few customers have been begun to believe that Danone and Sutas increasingly costly that the quality they offer. Purpose of Parities and Differences of Brands Sutas and Danone are the most remarkable opponents of one another in the market. Then again, we can see that there are numerous distinctions just as likenesses. Sutas in dairy items area from 1975, yet Danone has been serving from 1998 in dairy items, from the finish of 2007, it has been serving in infant and sustenance item segment. At the point when we take a gander at the creation and circulation channels of the organizations, Danone makes creation in seven unique urban areas around Turkey while Sutas fabricates in two offices. Two organizations focus on conveyance channels to arrive at each piece of Turkey. Be that as it may, Sutas give substantially more consideration and work to day by day created milk so it utilizes its appropriation channels all the more adequately to convey item delivered each day in 12 hours, yet Danone has no expectation on this heading. Contrast from Sutas, Danone has a high notoriety and client consideration since it is a notable worldwide organization and it attempts to get the universal gauges underway. Then again, Sutas has been serving for quite a while and having numerous long periods of involvement with the dairy showcase gets confidence to the brand and high notoriety. Likewise clients interiorized Sutas as customary dairy producer. Sutas has more items decision in dairy item division contrast with Danone. Danone serves in dairy item area more, Sutas benefits in the market with milk, cheddar, yogurt, margarine, infant and childrens items, wellness and wellbeing items, new dairy pastries, modern items and results of mass utilization outside the home. Sutas is known as ‘Turkey’s milkman’, however Danone has no such sort of explicit item situating in Turkey. Both organization apportion huge financial plan for the social obligation activities and make associations and occasions in this reason.

Direct effect of European Community regulations - Free Essay Example

1) The matter at issue include: (a) direct effect of European Community (EC) regulations; (b) direct effect of EC directives; and (b) the principle of state liability. (a) Direct Effect of Regulations Article 249 of the Treaty Establishing the European Community (TEC) state: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦a regulation shall have general application. It shall be binding in its entirety and directly applicable in all Member Statesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Thus, a regulation does not have to be implemented by Member States through national legislation for it to be applicable in those states. However, citizens of Member States would be able to directly enforce a regulation in national courts if it satisfies certain conditions, namely, it must be sufficiently precise and unconditional, leaving no room for discretion in implementation[1]. It has been established that citizens of Member States may bring an action against a state or an emanation of a state[2] in national court if that public authority is in breach of such a regulation[3]. This is known as vertical direct effect. Additionally, citizens could bring an action against private individuals in national courts for breach of a regulation[4]. This is known a horizontal direct effect. Considering the facts of the case it seems that the (imaginary) Regulation is directly applicable in the UK courts because it is a Community regulation. Furthermore, it is directly effective in the UK courts because the implementation of the amount of damages recoverable by occupiers of commercial premises who have been physically injured due to mercury contamination of their land does not depend on any conditions; and the rules for determining the amount of damages are sufficiently precise because it would be based on the rules that govern other personal injury claims in the UK. Thus, Martin could bring an action against his local authority. However, such an action is unlikely to succeed because there does not seem to be any breach of the Regulation by any local authority. But Martin could bring an action against Acme Chemicals. Since Martin suffered physically injury from mercury poisoning as a result of mercury leaking from the land of Acme Chemical, there seems to be a breach of the Regulation and thus he would be quite likely to succeed if he brought the action. Thus, it is submitted that Martin would not be likely to succeed if he brings an action against his local a uthority but he would be likely to succeed if he brings an action against Acme Chemicals Ltd. (b) Vertical Direct Effect of Directives Article 249 of the TEC state that directives are à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“bindingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦upon each member state to which it is addressed, but shall leave to the national authorities the choice of form and methods.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  The fact that directives are not described as directly applicable does not mean that are incapable of such effects and it has been held that directives could be capable of direct effect[5]. A directive would be directly applicable if it satisfies the criteria for direct effect: it must be sufficiently precise and unconditional, leaving no room for discretion in implementation[6]. As long as a directive limits the discretionary powers conferred on member states, it would be deemed to be sufficiently clear[7]. And the obligations imposed by that directive would become unconditional, i.e., absolute, once the time limit for i ts implementation has expired[8]. Thus, if a directive is directly effective then a citizen could bring an action against a public authority for breach of its Community obligations[9]. Moreover, it has been established that an individual cannot enforce a directive against an individual (corporate or otherwise) in the national courts because directive do not have horizontal direct effect.[10] Considering the facts of the case it seems that Martin would be able to enforce the imaginary Directive in the UK courts because it limits the power of the UK by postulating a stipulated amount of damages and by providing strict liability against those who cause injuries due to mercury leaking from their land; and because the Directive had not been implemented by 25 March 2006. Thus, it is submitted that Martin is could bring an action against a public authority for breach of its obligations under the imaginary Directive. However, Martin would be unlikely to succeed because there does not seem to be a breach of any obligation under the Directive by any public authority. Moreover, Martin would not be able to bring an action against Acme Chemicals Ltd because it is a private entity. (b) State Liability The ECJ has established that where a state failed to implement an EC directive it would be obliged to compensate individuals for damages suffered as a result of its failure to implement the directive if: (i) the directive involved conferred rights on individuals; (ii) there was a sufficiently serious breach; and (iii) there was a casual link between the Stateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s failure to implement the directive and the damage suffered by the persons affected[11]. The à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"decisive testà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ or whether a breach is sufficiently serious is whether the institution has à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"manifestly and gravely exceeded the limits of its discretionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[12]. The factors a courts should take into account in assessing this include: the clar ity and the precision of the rules breached, the measure of discretion left by the rule to the national or Community authorities, whether the infringement and the damage caused was intentional or voluntary, whether any error of law was excusable or inexcusable, the fact that the position taken by a community institution may have contributed towards the omission, and the adoption or retention of national measures or practices contrary to Community lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[13]. The critical element in this list seems to be the clarity and the precision of the rule breached[14]. Furthermore, it seems that in the context of the transposition of directives, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"a restrictive approach to State liability is justified to ensure that the exercise of legislative function is not hindered by the prospect of actions for damages whenever the general interest requires the institutions or Member States to adopt measures which may adversely affect individual interestsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[15]. However, it should be noted that the ECJà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s approach is not consistent and in some cases a clear breach of community law would be sufficiently serious to establish state liability[16]. Considering the facts of the case it seems that Martin could bring an action against the UK for failing to implement the imaginary directive because: The directive conferred upon individuals who suffered injuries from mercury poisoning the right to bring an action in tort on strict liability theory against those persons from whose land the mercury escaped. There seems to be a sufficient serious breach because the failure of the UK government to implement the directive manifestly exceeds the limits of its discretion. The directive clearly imposes strict liability on individuals if mercury leaks from their land and injuries someone, and states a minimum level of compensation (150,000 Euro). Even though the UK law is identical to the rule in the directive, the courts may find that there was a serious breach because the UK law does not provide a minimum level of compensation. The restrictive approach of state liability may not be applicable here because the UK has not adopted any measure that could provide a minimum level of compensation for injured parties. Additionally, the courts may find the UK responsible on the ground that they had failed to implement Community legislation. However, there does not seem to be any direct causal link between Martinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s physical injuries and the UK Governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s failure to implement the Directive because the Directive could not have prevented Martinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s injuries. Nevertheless, Martin could argue that if the directive had been implemented Acme Chemicals would have been more careful about mercury leakages which could have prevented his injury. However, it is submitted that the courts would be unlikely to accept this line of reasoning. In conclusion it is submitted that it is quite unlikely that Martin would be able to succeed if he brings an action for damages against the state for failing to implement the Directive because there does not seem to be a causal link between the breach and the injury suffered by Martin. However, Martin would still be able to bring an action against Acme Chemicals under English tort law. 2) The matter at issue includes grounds for direct action for annulment. Action for Annulment The framework for direct action for annulment is set out in Article 230 of the TEC. This Article grants jurisdiction to the ECJ to review the legality of all measures taken by the institutions designed to have legal effect, whatever their form or nature[17]. Thus, a decision made by the Commission is capable of annulment under to Article 230. Furthermore, Article 230 states that a natural or legal person would only have locus standi to challenge a decision addressed to himself or herself. However, t he decision has to be challenged within two months of its publication or notification to the plaintiff. If the two month time-limit expires a claimant cannot seek to challenge a measure by the back door, either by invoking Article 241[18] or by alleging a failure to act when the institution concerned refuses to take requested action. Once the courts have decided that the claim is admissible, the case will be decided on he merits. The grounds for annulment are delineated in Article 230. These are: (i) lack of competence; (ii) infringement of an essential procedural requirement; (iii) infringement of the Treaty or any rule of law relating to its applications; and (iii) misuse of powers. A claim based on lack of competence may be brought before the ECJ if the institution responsible for adopting the measure in question did not have the legal authority to do so. A claim based on infringement of procedural requirement would arise if the binding measure was not enacted accordi ng to the correct procedure. The correct procedures may be stated in the TEC or secondary legislation. For example, Article 253 of the TEC requires that all secondary legislation must state the reasons on which it is based; and must refer to proposals and opinions which were required to be obtained. It has been established that these reasons must not be too vague or inconsistent; they must be coherent; they must mention the figures and essential facts on which they rely. These reasons must be adequate to indicate the conscientiousness of the decision; and detailed enough to be scrutinised by the court[19]. The purpose of this requirement is to enable the affected parties to defend their rights and to enable the Court to exercise its supervisory jurisdiction. An action for annulment could also arise if the measure is in breach of general principles of law approved by the ECJ (e.g. equality, proportionality), any principle common to the constitution of Member States[20], and princi ples of international treaties in the field of human rights on which Member States have collaborated[21]. Finally, a measure could be annulled for misuse of power, i.e., use of a power for purposes other those for which it was granted. But a measure will not be annulled for misuse of power if the improper use had no effect on its substance; or it the authorities acted from mixed motives, proper and improper, as long the proper purpose is dominant[22]. Considering the facts of the case, and assuming that the two month time-limit has not expired, it seems that Mediflair would be able to make a direct action for annulment because it was specifically mentioned in the decision. Thus, a claim for an action for annulment would be admissible to the Court. It seems that the Commission may not have exceeded its legal competence because the Commission has the legal authority to make decisions which affect the European market. Since working hours and employment law issues are important aspects of any economy the Decision to reduce doctorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s working hours would be within its legal competence. Additionally, the decision does not seem to be in breach of any rule of law because it seems to be consistent with general principles of law, and international human rights law. Finally, it does not seem to be a misuse of power because there does not seem to be any evidence of improper motives. However, the decision could be challenged on the grounds of procedural impropriety because the Commission did not provide a detailed and thorough reasoning for the decision to reduce the working hours for doctors in private companies from fifty hours to forty hours. Since the Commission did not submit any facts or figures in support of its decision, it would be considered vague; and thus make it impossible for Mediflair to defend its rights. Therefore, it is submitted that Mediflair would be able to challenge the decision and bring proceedings for annulment on the gr ounds of infringement of essential procedural requirements. In conclusion, it is submitted that Mediflair would most likely be able to bring an action for annulment of the decision to decrease the working hours of doctors in the private sector and would be very likely to succeed. Bibliography Conventions Treaty of the European Community Cases Brasserie du PÃÆ' ªcheur SA v Germany (Cases C-46 48/93) [1996] I-1029 Commission v Belgium (Case 156/77) Commission v Council (Re Europe Raod Transport Agreement) (Case 22/70) Courage Ltd v Crehan (C453/99) [2001] E.C.R. I-6297 (Westlaw) Foster and Others v. British Gas Plc (Cases 188-89). Francovich and Bonifaci v Italy (Cases C-6 9/90) [1991] ECR I-5357 Germany v Commission (Re Tariff Quotas on Wine) (Case 24/62) Internationale Handelsgesellschaft mbH (Case 11/70) J Nold KG v Commission (Case 4/73) Marshall v Southampton and South West Hampshire AHA (C271/91) [1993] ECR I-4367 (Westlaw). P ublico Ministero v Tullio Ratti (Case 148/78) ECR 1269 R v Her Majestyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Treasury, ex parte British Telecommunications plc (Cases C-392/93) R v Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, ex parte Hendley Lomas (Ireland) Ltd (Case C-5/94) Van Duyn v Home Office (Case 41/74) [1974] ECR 1337 1 Footnotes [1] See Publico Ministero v Tullio Ratti (Case 148/78) ECR 1269 para 23. [2] Emanation of a State includes a body which is under the control of the Stateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢: reports to a minister who may give it directions as to its management and activities, has general control over its finances and may require it to pay over to him any of the bodys revenue which appears to him to be surplus to its requirements. See Foster and Others v. British Gas Plc (Cases 188-89). [3] See Marshall v Southampton and South West Hampshire AHA (C271/91) [1993] ECR I-4367 (Westlaw). [4] See Courage Ltd v Crehan (C453/99) [2001] E.C.R. I-6297 (Westlaw). [5] See Van Duyn v Home Office (Case 41/74) [1974] ECR 1337, para 12. [6] See Publico Ministero v Tullio Ratti, supra note1, para 23. [7] See Van Duyn v Home Office, supra note 5. [8] See Publico Ministero v Tullio Ratti, supra note 1 at para 43. [9] See Foster v British Gas, supra note 2. [10] See Marshall v. Southampton an d South West Hampshire AHA supra note 3. [11] See Brasserie du PÃÆ' ªcheur SA v Germany (Cases C-46 48/93) [1996] I-1029 para 50 and 51, see also Francovich and Bonifaci v Italy (Cases C-6 9/90) [1991] ECR I-5357 para 40. [12] Ibid. at para 55. [13] Ibid. at para 56. [14] See for example, R v Her Majestyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Treasury, ex parte British Telecommunications plc (Cases C-392/93). [15] Ibid. at para 40. [16] See R v Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, ex parte Hendley Lomas (Ireland) Ltd (Case C-5/94). [17] Commission v Council (Re Europe Raod Transport Agreement) (Case 22/70). [18] See Commission v Belgium (Case 156/77). [19] See Germany v Commission (Re Tariff Quotas on Wine) (Case 24/62). [20] See Internationale Handelsgesellschaft mbH (Case 11/70). [21] See J Nold KG v Commission (Case 4/73). [22] See Federation CharbonniÃÆ' ¨re de Belgique v High Authority (Case 8/55).

Getting to Mars Overcoming Hurdles

In the late 1960s, the United States proved to the world that it was possible to land humans on the Moon. Today, decades after that first mission, people are again looking to travel to another world, but its not just to the Moon. Now, they want to walk on Mars. Innovations in spacecraft, materials, and designs will be needed to accomplish such a mission, and those challenges are being met by new generations of engineers and scientists. Visiting and colonizing those worlds will require complex spacecraft not just to get people there, but to safeguard them once they arrive. Todays rockets are far more powerful, far more efficient and far more reliable than those used on the Apollo missions.  The electronics that control the spacecraft and that help keep the astronauts alive are changing all the time, and some of it gets used every day, in cellphones that would put the Apollo electronics to shame. Today, every aspect of manned space flight has become substantially more evolved. So why, then, have humans  not been to Mars YET? Getting to Mars is Difficult The root of the answer is that the scale of what a trip to Mars is incredibly big and complex. The challenges are formidable. For example, nearly two-thirds of Mars missions have met with some failure or mishap. And those are just the robotic ones! It gets more crucial when people start to talk about sending people to the Red Planet!   Think about how far they will have to travel. Mars is about 150 times farther away from Earth than the Moon. That may not sound like a lot, but think about what that means in terms of added fuel. More fuel means more weight. More weight means bigger capsules and bigger rockets. Those challenges alone put a trip to Mars on a different scale from simply hopping to the Moon (which takes a few days at the most). However, those are the only challenges.  NASA has spacecraft designs (like Orion and Nautilus) that would be capable of making the trip. Other agencies and companies have plans to go to Mars, such as SpaceX and the Chinese government, but even they arent quite ready yet to make the  leap. However, its quite likely that some form of a mission will fly, perhaps within a decade at the very earliest. An artists rendition of SpaceXs interplanetary transport system approaching Mars carrying a crew. SpaceX, donated to public domain.  Ã‚   However, theres another challenge: time. Since Mars is so far away, and orbits the Sun at a different rate than Earth, NASA (or anybody sending people to Mars) must time launches to the Red Planet very precisely. Mission planners have to wait until the best window of opportunity when the planets are in the correct orbital alignment. Thats true for the trip there as well as the trip home. The window for a successful launch opens up only every couple of years, so timing is crucial. Also, it takes time to get to Mars safely; months or possibly as much as a year for the one-way trip.   While it may be possible to cut the travel time down to a month or two using advanced propulsion technology currently under development, once on the surface of the Red Planet the astronauts will need to wait until Earth and Mars are correctly aligned again before returning. How long will that take? A year and a half, at  least. Dealing With the Issue of Time The lengthy timescale for travel to and from Mars causes problems in other areas as well. How do the travelers get enough oxygen? What about water? And, of course, food? And how do they get around the fact that they are traveling through space, where the Suns energetic solar wind is sending harmful radiation around the spacecraft? And, there are also the micrometeorites, the debris of space, that threaten to puncture the spacecraft or spacesuit of an astronaut. The solutions to these problems are trickier to accomplish. But they will be solved, which will make a trip to Mars doable. Protecting the astronauts while in space means building the spacecraft out of robust materials and shielding it from the Suns harmful rays. The problems of food and air will have to be solved through creative means. Growing plants that produce both food and oxygen is a good start. However, this means that should the plants die, things will go horribly wrong. That is all assuming you have enough room to grow the volume of planets needed for such an adventure. Astronauts could take food, water, and oxygen along, but enough supplies for the entire trip will add weight and size to the spacecraft. One possible solution might be to send materials to be used ON Mars ahead, on an uncrewed rocket to land on Mars and be waiting when the humans get there.  Thats a very doable solution that several mission planners are considering. An artists conception of a food production unit on Mars with the cutaway showing the plants colonists would need.   NASA NASA is confident that it can overcome these problems, but we are not quite there yet. SpaceX says its getting ready. The plans from other countries are less knowable, but they are serious about Mars, as well. Still, the plans are still very much theoretical. Over the coming two decades mission planners hope to close the gap between theory and reality. Maybe then, humanity can actually send astronauts to Mars on long-term missions of exploration and eventual colonization. Updated and edited by Carolyn Collins Petersen.